Micrococcus luteus
Micrococcus luteus
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Micrococcus luteus | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinobacteria |
| Order: | Micrococcales |
| Family: | Micrococcaceae |
| Genus: | Micrococcus |
| Species: | M. luteus |
Binomial name | |
Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter 1872) Cohn 1872 | |
Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive, to Gram-variable, nonmotile, coccus, tetrad-arranging, pigmented, saprotrophic bacterium that belongs to the family Micrococcaceae.[1] It is urease and catalase positive. An obligate aerobe, M. luteus is found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal flora of the mammalian skin. The bacterium also colonizes the human mouth, mucosae, oropharynx and upper respiratory tract. It was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming before he discovered penicillin in 1928.
M. luteus is considered a contaminant in sick patients and is resistant by slowing of major metabolic processes and induction of unique genes. It is a high G + C ratio bacterium.
M. luteus is coagulase negative, bacitracin susceptible, and forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. To confirm it is not Staphylococcus aureus, a bacitracin susceptibility test can be performed.
M. luteus has been shown to survive in oligotrophic environments for extended periods of time. Recent work by Greenblatt et al. demonstrate that Micrococcus luteus has survived for at least 34,000 to 170,000 years on the basis of 16S rRNA analysis, and possibly much longer.[2] It was sequenced in 2010 and has one of the smallest genomes of free-living actinobacteria sequenced to date, comprising a single circular chromosome of 2,501,097 bp.[3]
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Contents
1 Novel codon usage
2 Classification
3 Ultraviolet absorption
4 Tests for Identification[9][10][11]
5 References
6 External links
Novel codon usage[edit]
M. luteus was one of the early examples of novel codon usage,[4][5] which led to the conclusion that the genetic code is not static, but evolves.
Classification[edit]
Micrococcus luteus was formerly known as Micrococcus lysodeikticus.[6]
In 2003, it was proposed that one strain of Micrococcus luteus, ATCC 9341, be reclassified as Kocuria rhizophila.[7]
Ultraviolet absorption[edit]
Norwegian researchers in 2013 found a M. luteus strain that synthesizes a pigment that absorbs wavelengths of light from 350 to 475 nano-meters. Exposure to these wavelengths of ultraviolet light has been correlated with an increased incidence of skin cancer, and scientists believe this pigment can be used to make a sunscreen that can protect against ultraviolet light.[8]
Tests for Identification[9][10][11][edit]
| Test | Result |
|---|---|
| Gram Stain | Positive (+) |
| Catalase | Positive (+) |
| Acid from Glucose | Negative (-) (Yellow Pigment) |
| Bacitracin | Sensitive |
| Motility | Negative (-) nonmotile |
| Nitrate Reduction | Positive (+) reaction to Nitrate |
| Urease | Positive (+) |
References[edit]
^ Madigan M; Martinko J, eds. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Greenblatt, C.L.; Baum, J.; Klein, B.Y.; Nachshon, S.; Koltunov, V.; Cano, R.J. (2004). "Micrococcus luteus – Survival in Amber". Microbial Ecology. 48 (1): 120–127. doi:10.1007/s00248-003-2016-5. PMID 15164240.
^ Young M, Artsatbanov V, Beller HR, Chandra G, Chater KF, Dover LG, Goh EB, Kahan T, Kaprelyants AS, Kyrpides N, Lapidus A, Lowry SR, Lykidis A, Mahillon J, Markowitz V, Mavromatis K, Mukamolova GV, Oren A, Rokem JS, Smith MC, Young DI, Greenblatt CL (2010). "Genome sequence of the Fleming strain of Micrococcus luteus, a simple free-living actinobacterium". Journal of Bacteriology. 192 (3): 841–860. doi:10.1128/JB.01254-09. PMC 2812450. PMID 19948807.
^ Ohama, T; Muto, A; Osawa, S (Nov 1989). "Spectinomycin operon of Micrococcus luteus: evolutionary implications of organization and novel codon usage". J Mol Evol. 29 (5): 381–395. doi:10.1007/bf02602908.
^ Ohama, T; Muto, A; Osawa, S (1990). "Role of GC-biased mutation pressure on synonymous codon choice in Micrococcus luteus, a bacterium with a high genomic GC-content". Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (6): 1565–1569. doi:10.1093/nar/18.6.1565.
^ Benecky M. J.; Frew J. E.; Scowen N; Jones P, Hoffman B. M (1993). "EPR and ENDOR detection of compound I from Micrococcus lysodeikticus catalase". Biochemistry. 32 (44): 11929–11933 [1]
^ Tang, Jane. "Reclassification of ATCC 9341 from Microccus luteus to Kocuria rhizophila" (PDF). Retrieved 2 March 2011.
^ SINTEF. "Super sunscreen from fjord bacteria." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 6 August 2013.
^ Smith, K.J.R.; Neafie, J. Yeager; Skelton, H.G (1999). "Micrococcus folliculitis in HIV-1 disease". British Journal of Dermatology. 141: 558–561. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.03060.x – via British Association of Dermatologists.
^ M, Madigan; Martinko, J (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms. Prentice Hall.
^ Bacterial Identification. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 3. 1997. pp. 53–56.
External links[edit]
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Micrococcus luteus. |
- MicrobeWiki
- Type strain of Micrococcus luteus at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
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Categories:
- Micrococcineae
- Bacteria described in 1872
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