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Google App Engine


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Google App Engine
Google App Engine.svg
Developer(s) Google
Initial release April 7, 2008; 10 years ago (2008-04-07)
Stable release
1.9.63
/ 27 February 2018 (2018-02-27)

Written in
Python, Java, Go, PHP, Node.js
Operating system linux (glibc), Windows
Platform little-endian 32bits
Type
Web framework, cloud computing platform
License
Proprietary, LGPL
Website cloud.google.com/appengine/

Google App Engine (often referred to as GAE or simply App Engine) is a web framework and cloud computing platform for developing and hosting web applications in Google-managed data centers. Applications are sandboxed and run across multiple servers.[1] App Engine offers automatic scaling for web applications—as the number of requests increases for an application, App Engine automatically allocates more resources for the web application to handle the additional demand.[2]


Google App Engine is free up to a certain level of consumed resources and only in standard environment but not in flexible environment. Fees are charged for additional storage, bandwidth, or instance hours required by the application.[3] It was first released as a preview version in April 2008 and came out of preview in September 2011.




Contents






  • 1 Supported features/restrictions


    • 1.1 Runtimes and framework


    • 1.2 Reliability and Support


    • 1.3 Bulk downloading


    • 1.4 Restrictions




  • 2 Major differences


    • 2.1 Differences with other application hosting


    • 2.2 Differences between SQL and GQL




  • 3 Portability concerns


  • 4 Backends


  • 5 Google Cloud SQL


  • 6 Usage quotas


  • 7 See also


  • 8 References


  • 9 Bibliography


  • 10 External links





Supported features/restrictions[edit]



Runtimes and framework[edit]


Supported programming languages in Standard Environment include Python, Java (and, by extension, other JVM languages such as Kotlin, Groovy, JRuby, Scala, Clojure), Go, PHP and Node.js (beta).[4][5] All programming languages available in Standard Environment are also available in flexible environment. Ruby and C#[6] are only available in the flexible environment. Google has said that it plans to support more languages in the future, and that the Google App Engine has been written to be language independent.[7] Arbitrary Docker containers are also supported.[8]


Python web frameworks that run on Google App Engine include Django, CherryPy, Pyramid, Flask, web2py and webapp2,[9] as well as a custom Google-written webapp framework and several others designed specifically for the platform that emerged since the release.[10] Any Python framework that supports the WSGI using the CGI adapter can be used to create an application; the framework can be uploaded with the developed application. Third-party libraries written in pure Python may also be uploaded.[11][12]


Google App Engine supports many Java standards and frameworks. Core to this is the servlet 2.5 technology using the open-source Jetty Web Server,[13] along with accompanying technologies such as JSP. JavaServer Faces operates with some workarounds. A newer release of App Engine Standard Java in Beta supports Java8, Servlet 3.1 and Jetty9.


Though the integrated database, Google Cloud Datastore, may be unfamiliar to programmers, it is accessed and supported with JPA, JDO, and by the simple low-level API.[14] There are several alternative libraries and frameworks you can use to model and map the data to the database such as Objectify,[15] Slim3[16] and Jello framework.[17]


The Spring Framework works with GAE. However, the Spring Security module (if used) requires workarounds. Apache Struts 1 is supported, and Struts 2 runs with workarounds.[18]


The Django web framework and applications running on it can be used on App Engine with modification. Django-nonrel[19] aims to allow Django to work with non-relational databases and the project includes support for App Engine.[20]



Reliability and Support[edit]


All billed App Engine applications have a 99.95% uptime SLA.[21]


App Engine is designed in such a way that it can sustain multiple datacenter outages without any downtime. This resilience to downtime is shown by the statistic that the High Replication Datastore saw 0% downtime over a period of a year.[22]


Paid support from Google engineers is offered as part of Premier Accounts.[23] Free support is offered in the App Engine Groups, Stack Overflow, Server Fault, and GitHub. However assistance by a Google staff member is not guaranteed.[24]



Bulk downloading[edit]


SDK version 1.2.2 adds support for bulk downloads of data using Python.[25] The open source Python projects gaebar,[26] approcket,[27] and gawsh[28] also allow users to download and back up App Engine data. No method for bulk downloading data from GAE using Java currently exists.



Restrictions[edit]



  • Developers have read-only access to the filesystem on App Engine. Applications can use only virtual filesystems, like gae-filestore.[29]

  • App Engine can only execute code called from an HTTP request (scheduled background tasks allow for self calling HTTP requests).

  • Users may upload arbitrary Python modules, but only if they are pure-Python; C and Pyrex modules are not supported.

  • Java applications may only use a subset (The JRE Class White List) of the classes from the JRE standard edition.[30] This restriction does not exist with the App Engine Standard Java8 runtime.

  • A process started on the server to answer a request can't last more than 60 seconds (with the 1.4.0 release, this restriction does not apply to background jobs anymore).

  • Does not support sticky sessions (a.k.a. session affinity), only replicated sessions are supported including limitation of the amount of data being serialized and time for session serialization.



Major differences[edit]



Differences with other application hosting[edit]


Compared to other scalable hosting services such as Amazon EC2, App Engine provides more infrastructure to make it easy to write scalable applications, but can only run a limited range of applications designed for that infrastructure.


App Engine's infrastructure removes many of the system administration and development challenges of building applications to scale to hundreds of requests per second and beyond.[31] Google handles deploying code to a cluster, monitoring, failover, and launching application instances as necessary.


While other services let users install and configure nearly any *NIX compatible software, App Engine requires developers to use only its supported languages, APIs, and frameworks. Current APIs allow storing and retrieving data from the document-oriented Google Cloud Datastore database; making HTTP requests; sending e-mail; manipulating images; and caching. Google Cloud SQL[32] can be used for App Engine applications requiring a relational MySQL compatible database backend.[33]


Per-day and per-minute quotas restrict bandwidth and CPU use, number of requests served, number of concurrent requests, and calls to the various APIs, and individual requests are terminated if they take more than 60 seconds or return more than 32MB of data.



Differences between SQL and GQL[edit]


Google App Engine's integrated Google Cloud Datastore database has a SQL-like syntax called "GQL". GQL does not support the Join statement.[34] Instead, one-to-many and many-to-many relationships can be accomplished using ReferenceProperty().[35] This shared-nothing approach allows disks to fail without the system failing.[36] Switching from a relational database to Cloud Datastore requires a paradigm shift for developers when modeling their data.



Portability concerns[edit]


Developers worry that the applications will not be portable from App Engine and fear being locked into the technology.[37] In response, there are a number of projects to create open-source back-ends for the various proprietary/closed APIs of app engine, especially the datastore.
AppScale, CapeDwarf and TyphoonAE[38] are a few of the open source efforts.


AppScale automatically deploys and scales unmodified Google App Engine applications over popular public and private cloud systems and on-premises clusters.[39] AppScale can run Python, Java, PHP, and Go applications on EC2, Google Compute Engine, Softlayer, Azure and other cloud vendors.


TyphoonAE[38] can run Python App Engine applications on any cloud that support linux machines.


Web2py web framework offers migration between SQL Databases and Google App Engine, however it doesn't support several App Engine-specific features such as transactions and namespaces.[40]



Backends[edit]


In Google I/O 2011, Google announced App Engine Backends, which are allowed to run continuously, and consume more memory.[41][42] The Backend API was deprecated as of March 13, 2014 in favor of the Modules API.[43]



Google Cloud SQL[edit]


In Oct 2011, Google previewed a zero maintenance SQL database, which supports JDBC and DB-API.[44] This service allows creating, configuring, and using relational databases with App Engine applications. Google Cloud SQL offers MySQL 5.5 and 5.6.[45]



Usage quotas[edit]


Google App Engine requires a Google account to get started, and an account may allow the developer to register up to 25 free applications and an unlimited number of paid applications.[46]


Google App Engine defines usage quotas for free applications. Extensions to these quotas can be requested, and application authors can pay for additional resources.[47]



See also[edit]



  • Amazon Web Services

  • AppScale

  • AWS Elastic Beanstalk

  • Bluemix

  • Cocaine (PaaS)

  • Engine Yard

  • Force.com

  • GoGrid

  • Google Apps Script

  • Google Cloud Platform

  • Heroku

  • Jelastic

  • Microsoft Azure

  • OpenShift

  • Oracle Cloud Platform

  • Rackspace Cloud

  • Skytap

  • VMware



References[edit]





  1. ^ "Python Runtime Environment - Google App Engine - Google Code". Code.google.com. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-14..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ Sanderson, Dan (2009). Programming Google App Engine: Build and Run Scalable Web Apps on Google's Infrastructure. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-52272-8.


  3. ^ "Quotas - Google App Engine - Google Code". Code.google.com. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-14.


  4. ^ https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/


  5. ^ https://cloudplatform.googleblog.com/2018/06/Now-you-can-deploy-your-Node-js-app-to-App-Engine-standard-environment.html


  6. ^ Krill, Paul. "Google App Engine adds C#, Node.js, and Ruby options".


  7. ^ Sanderson, Dan (2010). Programming Google App Engine: Build and Run Scalable Web Apps on Google's Infrastructure. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-52272-8.


  8. ^ "Building Custom Runtimes - Custom runtimes for the App Engine flexible environment - Google Cloud Platform". Google Cloud Platform.


  9. ^ "Welcome to webapp2! — webapp2 v2.5.1 documentation". Webapp-improved.appspot.com. Retrieved 2012-02-14.


  10. ^ "AppEngineFrameworks - tipfy - The almighty little framework for Google App Engine - Google Project Hosting". Code.google.com. Retrieved 2012-02-14.


  11. ^ "What Is Google App Engine? - Google App Engine - Google Code". Code.google.com. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-14.


  12. ^ "webapp Overview - Google App Engine - Google Code". Code.google.com. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-14.


  13. ^ "Google Chose Jetty for App Engine". Infoq.com. 2012-07-13. Retrieved 2012-07-17.


  14. ^ "Google App Engine Datastore low-level API".


  15. ^ "Objectify library".


  16. ^ "Slim3 framework".


  17. ^ "Jello Framework".


  18. ^ "WillItPlayInJava - googleappengine - Lists the level of compatibility of various Java technologies and App Engine - Google App Engine - Google Project Hosting". Code.google.com. Retrieved 2012-02-14.


  19. ^ "Django-nonrel - NoSQL support for Django". All Buttons Pressed. 2010-02-04. Retrieved 2012-07-17.


  20. ^ "djangoappengine - Django App Engine backends (DB, email, etc.)". All Buttons Pressed. Retrieved 2012-07-17.


  21. ^ "App Engine Service Level Agreement - Google App Engine - Google Code". Code.google.com. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-14.


  22. ^ "Google App Engine Blog: Happy Birthday High Replication Datastore: 1 year, 100,000 apps, 0% downtime". Googleappengine.blogspot.com. 2012-01-05. Retrieved 2012-02-14.


  23. ^ "Premier Accounts - Google App Engine - Google Code". Code.google.com. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-14.


  24. ^ "Google Cloud Platform - Support".


  25. ^ "Uploading and Downloading Data - Google App Engine - Google Code". Code.google.com. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-14.


  26. ^ aral. "aral/gaebar". GitHub. Retrieved 2012-02-14.


  27. ^ "approcket - Live synchronization between AppEngine and MySQL - Google Project Hosting". Code.google.com. Retrieved 2012-02-14.


  28. ^ "gawsh - Google Apps Web Service Helpers - Google Project Hosting". Code.google.com. Retrieved 2012-02-14.


  29. ^ "gae-filestore - Simple Virtual File System on Google App Engine DataStore - Google Project Hosting". Code.google.com. Retrieved 2012-02-14.


  30. ^ "The JRE Class White List - Google App Engine - Google Developers". cloud.google.com. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2013-06-14.


  31. ^ "Python Runtime Environment - Google App Engine". 2009-11-10. Retrieved 2009-11-10.


  32. ^ "Google Cloud SQL Databases - Cloud SQL - Google Cloud Platform". Google Cloud Platform.


  33. ^ "Using Google Cloud SQL - App Engine standard environment for Java - Google Cloud Platform". Google Cloud Platform.


  34. ^ Google Developers (7 April 2008). "Campfire One: Introducing Google App Engine (pt. 3)" – via YouTube.


  35. ^ "Modeling Entity Relationships - Google App Engine — Google Developers". Code.google.com. 2012-06-26. Retrieved 2012-07-17.


  36. ^ Saturday (2008-11-22). "Google Architecture". High Scalability. Retrieved 2012-07-17.


  37. ^ Gallagher, Sean (2008-04-09). "Analysis: Google App Engine alluring, will be hard to escape". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2012-07-17.


  38. ^ ab "typhoonae - Typhoon App Engine - Google Project Hosting". Code.google.com. Retrieved 2012-07-17.


  39. ^ AppScale Launches As An Open-Source Backup Equivalent To Google App Engine. TechCrunch (2013-06-24). Retrieved on 2013-09-18.


  40. ^ [1] Archived February 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.


  41. ^ Google I/O 2011: App Engine Backends on YouTube


  42. ^ "Backends Python API Overview - App Engine standard environment for Python - Google Cloud Platform". Google Cloud Platform.


  43. ^ "Backends Python API Overview - App Engine standard environment for Python - Google Cloud Platform". Google Cloud Platform.


  44. ^ "Google Cloud SQL: your database in the cloud - The official Google Code blog". 6 October 2011.


  45. ^ "Cloud SQL FAQ - Cloud SQL Documentation - Google Cloud Platform". Google Cloud Platform.


  46. ^ "Google App Engine General Questions". Google Developers. Retrieved 2015-06-18.


  47. ^ "Understanding Application Quotas with Google App Engine". Retrieved 2010-04-16.




Bibliography[edit]


.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}



  • Sanderson, Dan (October 26, 2012), Programming Google App Engine (2nd ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 536, ISBN 978-1449398262


  • de Jonge, Adriaan (October 31, 2011), Essential App Engine: Building High-Performance Java Apps with Google App Engine (1st ed.), Addison-Wesley Professional, p. 304, ISBN 0-321-74263-X


  • Guermeur, Daniel; Unruh, Amy (November 24, 2010), Google App Engine Java and GWT Application Development (1st ed.), Packt Publishing, p. 480, ISBN 1-84969-044-8


  • Roche, Kyle; Douglas, Jeff (December 31, 2009), Beginning Java Google App Engine (1st ed.), Apress, p. 375, ISBN 1-4302-2553-X


  • Sanderson, Dan (November 23, 2009), Programming Google App Engine (1st ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 400, ISBN 0-596-52272-X


  • Severance, Charles (May 22, 2009), Using Google App Engine (1st ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 262, ISBN 0-596-80069-X


  • Ciurana, Eugene (February 2, 2009), Developing with Google App Engine (1st ed.), Apress, p. 164, ISBN 1-4302-1831-2




External links[edit]



  • Official marketing page

  • Official website

  • Official Google Cloud Platform Blog

  • Release notes


  • Google App Engine - Run your web applications on Google's infrastructure - a technical talk by Google engineer Guido van Rossum at


Stanford University. (online video archive)



  • Benefits of adopting Google App Engine

  • Using an external database with Google App Engine

  • Java Frameworks and libraries supported

  • Web2py book -- online documentation -- Google App Engine deployment recipe

  • Google Cloud SQL Sample Projects

  • Google Cloud supports node.js


  • Appmd: Python development sample project. App Engine/django/Google Closure/Endpoints/Material design












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