2017 marked the 40th anniversary of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines.

The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system. The list is frequently used by countries to help develop their own local lists of essential medicine.^[1] As of 2016, more than 155 countries have created national lists of essential medicines based on the World Health Organization's model list.^[2] This includes countries in both the developed and developing world.^[1]

The list is divided into core items and complementary items. The core items are deemed to be the most cost effective options for key health problems and are usable with little additional health care resources. The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trained health care providers or diagnostic equipment or have a lower cost-benefit ratio.^[3] About 25% of items are in the complementary list.^[4] Some medications are listed as both core and complementary.^[5] While most medications on the list are available as generic products, being under patent does not preclude inclusion.^[6]

The first list was published in 1977 and included 212 medications.^[1][7] The WHO updates the list every two years.^[8] The 14th list was published in 2005 and contained 306 medications.^[9] In 2015 the 19th edition of the list was published and contains around 410 medications.^[8] The 20th edition was published in 2017 and comprises 433 drugs.^[10][11] The national lists contain between 334 and 580 medications.^[4]

A separate list for children up to 12 years of age, known as the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (EMLc), was created in 2007 and is in its 6th edition.^[8][12] It was created to make sure that the needs of children were systematically considered such as availability of proper formulations.^[13][14] Everything in the children's list is also included in the main list.^[15] The list and notes are based on the 19th and 20th edition of the main list.^[3][10] An α indicates a medicine is only on the complementary list.^[3]

Anaesthetics[edit]

General anaesthetics and oxygen[edit]

Inhalational medicines[edit]

• Halothane


• Isoflurane


• Nitrous oxide


• Oxygen

Injectable medicines[edit]

• Ketamine


• 
  Propofol^{[note 1]}
  

Local anaesthetics[edit]

• Bupivacaine


• Lidocaine


• Lidocaine/epinephrine


• 
  Ephedrine^α (not a local anaesthetic, included in this list for prevention of low blood pressure associated with spinal anaesthesia during caesarean section)

Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures[edit]

• Atropine


• Midazolam


• Morphine

Medicines for pain and palliative care[edit]

Nonopioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)[edit]

A skeletal model of the chemical structure of aspirin

• 
  Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)


• Ibuprofen


• 
  Paracetamol^{[note 2]} (acetaminophen)

Opioid analgesics[edit]

• Codeine


• Fentanyl


• 
  Morphine^{[note 3]}
  


• 
  Methadone^α
  

Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care[edit]

• Amitriptyline


• Cyclizine


• Dexamethasone


• Diazepam


• Docusate sodium


• Fluoxetine


• Haloperidol


• Hyoscine butylbromide


• Hyoscine hydrobromide


• Lactulose


• Loperamide


• Metoclopramide


• Midazolam


• Ondansetron


• Senna

Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis[edit]

• Dexamethasone


• 
  Epinephrine (adrenaline)


• Hydrocortisone


• 
  Loratadine^{[note 4]}
  


• Prednisolone

Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings[edit]

Nonspecific[edit]

• Charcoal, activated

Specific[edit]

• Acetylcysteine


• Atropine


• Calcium gluconate


• 
  Methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue)


• Naloxone


• Penicillamine


• Prussian blue


• Sodium nitrite


• Sodium thiosulfate


• 
  Deferoxamine^α
  


• 
  Dimercaprol^α
  


• 
  Fomepizole^α
  


• 
  Sodium calcium edetate^α
  


• 
  Succimer^α
  

Anticonvulsive medication[edit]

• Carbamazepine


• Diazepam


• Lamotrigine


• Lorazepam


• 
  Magnesium sulfate^{[note 5]}
  


• Midazolam


• Phenobarbital


• Phenytoin


• 
  Valproic acid (sodium valproate)


• 
  Ethosuximide^α
  

Anti-infective medicines[edit]

Antihelminthics[edit]

Intestinal antihelminthics[edit]

A skeletal model of the chemical structure of albendazole

• Albendazole


• Ivermectin


• Levamisole


• Mebendazole


• Niclosamide


• Praziquantel


• Pyrantel

Antifilarials[edit]

• Albendazole


• Diethylcarbamazine


• Ivermectin

Antischistosomals and other antinematode medicines[edit]

• Praziquantel


• Triclabendazole


• 
  Oxamniquine^α
  

Antibiotics[edit]

Beta Lactam medicines[edit]

• Amoxicillin


• 
  Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid)


• Ampicillin


• Benzathine benzylpenicillin


• Benzylpenicillin


• Cefalexin


• 
  Cefazolin^{[note 6]}
  


• 
  Cefixime^{[note 7]}
  


• 
  Cefotaxime^{[note 8]}
  


• 
  Ceftriaxone^{[note 9]}
  


• Cloxacillin


• 
  Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V)


• Piperacillin/tazobactam


• 
  Procaine benzylpenicillin^{[note 10]}
  


• 
  Ceftazidime^α
  


• 
  Meropenem^α
  


• 
  Aztreonam^α
  


• 
  Imipenem/cilastatin^{α[note 11]}
  

Other antibacterials[edit]

• Amikacin


• 
  Azithromycin^{[note 12]}
  


• Chloramphenicol


• Ciprofloxacin


• 
  Clarithromycin^{[note 13]}
  


• Clindamycin


• Doxycycline


• Gentamicin


• Metronidazole


• Nitrofurantoin


• Spectinomycin


• Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole


• Vancomycin

Antileprosy medicines[edit]

• Clofazimine


• Dapsone


• Rifampicin

Antituberculosis medicines[edit]

Pure crystals of ethambutol

• Ethambutol


• 
  Ethambutol/isoniazid (ethambutol + isoniazid)


• 
  Ethambutol/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin (ethambutol + isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin)


• 
  Ethambutol/isoniazid/rifampicin (ethambutol + isoniazid + rifampicin)


• Isoniazid


• 
  Isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin (isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin)


• 
  Isoniazid/rifampicin (isoniazid + rifampicin)


• Pyrazinamide


• 
  Rifabutin^{[note 14]}
  


• Rifampicin


• 
  Rifapentine^{[note 15]}
  


• 
  Amikacin^α
  


• 
  Bedaquiline^α
  


• 
  Capreomycin^α
  


• 
  Clofazimine^α
  


• 
  Cycloserine^{α[note 16]}
  


• 
  Delamanid^α
  


• 
  Ethionamide^{α[note 17]}
  


• 
  Kanamycin^α
  


• 
  Levofloxacin^{α[note 18]}
  


• 
  Linezolid^α
  


• Moxifloxacin


• 
  p-aminosalicylic acid^α
  


• 
  Streptomycin^α
  

Antifungal medicines[edit]

• Amphotericin B


• Clotrimazole


• Fluconazole


• Flucytosine


• Griseofulvin


• Itraconazole


• Nystatin


• Voriconazole


• 
  Potassium iodide^α
  

Antiviral medicines[edit]

Antiherpes medicines[edit]

• Aciclovir

Antiretrovirals[edit]

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors[edit]

• 
  Abacavir (ABC)


• 
  Lamivudine (3TC)


• 
  Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)


• 
  Zidovudine (ZDV or AZT)

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors[edit]

• 
  Efavirenz (EGV or EFZ)


• 
  Nevirapine (NVP)

Protease inhibitors[edit]

Two capsules of atazanavir

• Atazanavir


• Atazanavir/ritonavir


• Darunavir


• 
  Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)


• Ritonavir

Integrase inhibitors[edit]

• Dolutegravir


• Raltegravir

Fixed-dose combinations[edit]

• Abacavir/lamivudine


• 
  Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir^{[note 19]}
  


• Efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir


• 
  Emtricitabine/tenofovir^{[note 19]}
  


• Lamivudine/nevirapine/zidovudine


• Lamivudine/zidovudine

Medicines for prevention of HIV-related opportunistic infections[edit]

• Isoniazid/pyridoxine/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim

Other antivirals[edit]

• 
  Ribavirin^{[note 20]}
  


• Valganciclovir


• 
  Oseltamivir^{α[note 21]}
  

Antihepatitis medicines[edit]

Medicines for hepatitis B[edit]

Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors

• Entecavir


• 
  Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)

Medicines for hepatitis C[edit]

Nucleotide polymerase inhibitors

• Sofosbuvir

Protease inhibitors

• Simeprevir

NS5A inhibitors

• Daclatasvir

Non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors

• Dasabuvir

Other antivirals

• 
  Ribavirin^{[note 22]}
  


• 
  Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or pegylated interferon-alpha-2b^{α[note 23]}
  

Fixed-dose combinations

• Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir


• Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir


• Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir

Antiprotozoal medicines[edit]

Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines[edit]

• Diloxanide


• Metronidazole

Antileishmaniasis medicines[edit]

• Amphotericin B


• Miltefosine


• Paromomycin


• 
  Sodium stibogluconate or meglumine antimoniate
  

Antimalarial medicines[edit]

For curative treatment[edit]

• 
  Amodiaquine^{[note 24]}
  


• 
  Artemether^{[note 25]}
  


• 
  Artemether/lumefantrine^{[note 26]}
  


• 
  Artesunate^{[note 27]}
  


• 
  Artesunate/amodiaquine^{[note 28]}
  


• Artesunate/mefloquine


• Artesunate/pyronaridine


• 
  Chloroquine^{[note 29]}
  


• Dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine


• 
  Doxycycline^{[note 30]}
  


• 
  Mefloquine^{[note 24]}
  


• 
  Primaquine^{[note 31]}
  


• 
  Quinine^{[note 32]}
  


• 
  Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine^{[note 33]}
  

For prevention[edit]

• 
  Chloroquine^{[note 34]}
  


• Doxycycline


• Mefloquine


• 
  Proguanil^{[note 35]}
  

Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines[edit]

• Pyrimethamine


• Sulfadiazine


• Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim


• 
  Pentamidine^α
  

Antitrypanosomal medicines[edit]

African trypanosomiasis[edit]

• 
  Pentamidine^{[note 36]}
  


• 
  Suramin sodium^{[note 37]}
  

• 
  Eflornithine^{[note 38]}
  


• Melarsoprol


• 
  Nifurtimox^{[note 39]}
  

American trypanosomiasis[edit]

• Benznidazole


• Nifurtimox

Antimigraine medicines[edit]

Acute attack[edit]

• 
  Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)


• Ibuprofen


• Paracetamol

Prevention[edit]

• Propranolol

Antineoplastic and immunosuppressives[edit]

Immunosuppressive medicines[edit]

• 
  Azathioprine^α
  


• 
  Ciclosporin^α
  

Cytotoxic and adjuvant medicines[edit]

• 
  All-trans retinoic acid (tretinoin)^α
  


• 
  Allopurinol^α
  


• 
  Asparaginase^α
  


• 
  Bendamustine^α
  


• 
  Bleomycin^α
  


• 
  Calcium folinate^α
  


• 
  Capecitabine^α
  


• 
  Carboplatin^α
  


• 
  Chlorambucil^α
  


• 
  Cisplatin^α
  


• 
  Cyclophosphamide^α
  


• 
  Cytarabine^α
  


• 
  Dacarbazine^α
  


• 
  Dactinomycin^α
  


• 
  Dasatinib^α
  


• 
  Daunorubicin^α
  


• 
  Docetaxel^α
  


• 
  Doxorubicin^α
  


• 
  Etoposide^α
  


• 
  Filgrastim^α
  


• 
  Fludarabine^α
  


• 
  Fluorouracil^α
  


• 
  Gemcitabine^α
  


• 
  Hydroxycarbamide^α
  


• 
  Ifosfamide^α
  


• 
  Imatinib^α
  


• 
  Irinotecan^α
  


• 
  Mercaptopurine^α
  


• 
  Mesna^α
  


• 
  Methotrexate^α
  


• 
  Nilotinib^α
  


• 
  Oxaliplatin^α
  


• 
  Paclitaxel^α
  


• 
  Procarbazine^α
  


• 
  Rituximab^α
  


• 
  Thioguanine^α
  


• 
  Trastuzumab^α
  


• 
  Vinblastine^α
  


• 
  Vincristine^α
  


• 
  Vinorelbine^α
  


• 
  Zoledronic acid^α
  

Hormones and antihormones[edit]

• 
  Anastrozole^α
  


• 
  Bicalutamide^α
  


• 
  Dexamethasone^α
  


• 
  Hydrocortisone^α
  


• 
  Leuprorelin^α
  


• 
  Methylprednisolone^α
  


• 
  Prednisolone^α
  


• 
  Tamoxifen^α
  

Antiparkinsonism medicines[edit]

• Biperiden


• 
  Carbidopa/levodopa (levodopa + carbidopa)

Medicines affecting the blood[edit]

Antianaemia medicines[edit]

• Ferrous salt


• Ferrous salt/folic acid


• Folic acid


• Hydroxocobalamin


• 
  Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents^α
  

Medicines affecting coagulation[edit]

• Enoxaparin


• Heparin sodium


• Phytomenadione


• Protamine sulfate


• Tranexamic acid


• Warfarin


• 
  Desmopressin^α
  

Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies[edit]

• 
  Deferoxamine^{α[note 40]}
  


• 
  Hydroxycarbamide^α
  

Blood products and plasma substitutes of human origin[edit]

Blood and blood components[edit]

Bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasma

• Fresh frozen plasma


• Platelet concentrates


• Packed red blood cells


• Whole blood

Plasma-derived medicines[edit]

Human immunoglobulins[edit]

• Rho(D) immune globulin


• Anti-rabies immunoglobulin


• Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin


• 
  Human normal immunoglobulin^α
  

Blood coagulation factors[edit]

• 
  Coagulation factor VIII^α
  


• 
  Coagulation factor IX^α
  

Plasma substitutes[edit]

• 
  Dextran 70^{[note 41]}
  

Cardiovascular medicines[edit]

Antianginal medicines[edit]

• 
  Bisoprolol^{[note 42]}
  


• Glyceryl trinitrate


• Isosorbide dinitrate


• Verapamil

Antiarrhythmic medicines[edit]

• 
  Bisoprolol^{[note 42]}
  


• Digoxin


• 
  Epinephrine (adrenaline)


• Lidocaine


• Verapamil


• 
  Amiodarone^α
  

Antihypertensive medicines[edit]

• Amlodipine


• 
  Bisoprolol^{[note 42]}
  


• Enalapril


• 
  Hydralazine^{[note 43]}
  


• Hydrochlorothiazide


• 
  Methyldopa^{[note 44]}
  


• Losartan


• 
  Sodium nitroprusside^α
  

Medicines used in heart failure[edit]

• 
  Bisoprolol^{[note 42]}
  


• Digoxin


• Enalapril


• Furosemide


• Hydrochlorothiazide


• Losartan


• Spironolactone


• 
  Dopamine^α
  

Antithrombotic medicines[edit]

Anti-platelet medicines[edit]

• 
  Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)


• Clopidogrel

Thrombolytic medicines[edit]

• 
  Streptokinase^α
  

Lipid-lowering agents[edit]

• 
  Simvastatin^{[note 45]}
  

Dermatological (topical)[edit]

Antifungal medicines[edit]

• Miconazole


• Selenium sulfide


• Sodium thiosulfate


• Terbinafine

Anti-infective medicines[edit]

• Mupirocin


• Potassium permanganate


• Silver sulfadiazine

Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines[edit]

• Betamethasone


• Calamine


• Hydrocortisone

Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation[edit]

• Benzoyl peroxide


• Coal tar


• Fluorouracil


• Podophyllum resin


• Salicylic acid


• Urea

Scabicides and pediculicides[edit]

• Benzyl benzoate


• Permethrin

Diagnostic agents[edit]

Ophthalmic medicines[edit]

• Fluorescein


• Tropicamide

Radiocontrast media[edit]

• Amidotrizoate


• Barium sulfate


• Iohexol


• 
  Meglumine iotroxate^α
  

Disinfectants and antiseptics[edit]

Antiseptics[edit]

• Chlorhexidine


• Ethanol


• Povidone iodine

Disinfectants[edit]

• Alcohol based hand rub


• Chlorine base compound


• Chloroxylenol


• Glutaral

Diuretics[edit]

• Amiloride


• Furosemide


• Hydrochlorothiazide


• Mannitol


• Spironolactone

Gastrointestinal medicines[edit]

• 
  Pancreatic enzymes^α
  

Antiulcer medicines[edit]

• Omeprazole


• Ranitidine

Antiemetic medicines[edit]

• Dexamethasone


• Metoclopramide


• Ondansetron

Anti-inflammatory medicines[edit]

• Sulfasalazine


• 
  Hydrocortisone^α
  

Laxatives[edit]

• Senna

Medicines used in diarrhea[edit]

Oral rehydration[edit]

• Oral rehydration salts

Medicines for diarrhea in children[edit]

• 
  Zinc sulfate^{[note 46]}
  

Hormones, other endocrine medicines, and contraceptives[edit]

Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes[edit]

• Fludrocortisone


• Hydrocortisone

Androgens[edit]

• 
  Testosterone^α
  

Contraceptives[edit]

Oral hormonal contraceptives[edit]

• Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel


• Ethinylestradiol/norethisterone


• Levonorgestrel


• Ulipristal

Injectable hormonal contraceptives[edit]

• Estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate


• Medroxyprogesterone acetate


• Norethisterone enantate

Intrauterine devices[edit]

• IUD with copper


• IUD with progestogen

Barrier methods[edit]

• Condoms


• Diaphragms

Implantable contraceptives[edit]

• Etonogestrel—releasing implant


• Levonorgestrel—releasing implant

Intravaginal contraceptives[edit]

• Progesterone vaginal ring

Insulins and other medicines used for diabetes[edit]

• 
  Gliclazide^{[note 47]}
  


• Glucagon


• Insulin injection (soluble)


• Intermediate-acting insulin


• Metformin

Ovulation inducers[edit]

• 
  Clomifene^α
  

Progestogens[edit]

• Medroxyprogesterone acetate

Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines[edit]

• Levothyroxine


• Potassium iodide


• Propylthiouracil


• 
  Lugol's solution^α
  

Immunologicals[edit]

Diagnostic agents[edit]

• 
  Tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD)

Sera and immunoglobulins[edit]

• 
  Antivenom immunoglobulin^{[note 48]}
  


• Diphtheria antitoxin

Vaccines[edit]

A vial of oral cholera vaccine

• BCG vaccine


• 
  Cholera vaccine^{[note 49]}
  


• Diphtheria vaccine


• Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine


• 
  Hepatitis A vaccine^{[note 49]}
  


• Hepatitis B vaccine


• HPV vaccine


• Influenza vaccine


• 
  Japanese encephalitis vaccine^{[note 50]}
  


• Measles vaccine


• 
  Meningococcal meningitis vaccine^{[note 49]}
  


• Mumps vaccine


• Pertussis vaccine


• Pneumococcal vaccine


• Poliomyelitis vaccine


• 
  Rabies vaccine^{[note 49]}
  


• Rotavirus vaccine


• Rubella vaccine


• Tetanus vaccine


• 
  Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine^{[note 50]}
  


• 
  Typhoid vaccine^{[note 49]}
  


• Varicella vaccine


• 
  Yellow fever vaccine^{[note 50]}
  

Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors[edit]

• Atracurium


• Neostigmine


• Suxamethonium


• Vecuronium


• 
  Pyridostigmine^α
  

Eye preparations[edit]

Anti-infective agents[edit]

• Aciclovir


• Azithromycin


• Erythromycin


• Gentamicin


• Natamycin


• Ofloxacin


• Tetracycline

Anti-inflammatory agents[edit]

• Prednisolone

Local anesthetics[edit]

• Tetracaine

Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines[edit]

• Acetazolamide


• Latanoprost


• Pilocarpine


• Timolol

Mydriatics[edit]

• 
  Atropine^{[note 51]}
  


• 
  Epinephrine (adrenaline)^α
  

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)[edit]

• 
  Bevacizumab^α
  

Oxytocics and antioxytocics[edit]

Oxytocics and abortifacients[edit]

• Ergometrine


• Misoprostol


• Oxytocin


• 
  Mifepristone used with misoprostol^{α[note 52]}
  

Antioxytocics (tocolytics)[edit]

• Nifedipine

Peritoneal dialysis solution[edit]

• 
  Intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of appropriate composition)^α
  

Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders[edit]

Medicines used in psychotic disorders[edit]

• Chlorpromazine


• Fluphenazine


• Haloperidol


• Risperidone


• 
  Clozapine^α
  

Medicines used in mood disorders[edit]

Medicines used in depressive disorders[edit]

• Amitriptyline


• Fluoxetine

Medicines used in bipolar disorders[edit]

• Carbamazepine


• Lithium


• 
  Valproic acid (sodium valproate)

Medicines for anxiety disorders[edit]

• Diazepam

Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders[edit]

• Clomipramine

Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use[edit]

• Nicotine replacement therapy


• 
  Methadone^α
  

Medicines acting on the respiratory tract[edit]

Antiasthmatic and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[edit]

• Beclometasone


• Budesonide


• Budesonide/formoterol


• 
  Epinephrine (adrenaline)


• Ipratropium bromide


• 
  Salbutamol (albuterol)

Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances[edit]

Oral[edit]

• Oral rehydration salts


• Potassium chloride

Parenteral[edit]

• Glucose


• Glucose with sodium chloride


• Potassium chloride


• Sodium chloride


• Sodium hydrogen carbonate


• Sodium lactate, compound solution

Miscellaneous[edit]

• Water for injection

Vitamins and minerals[edit]

• Ascorbic acid


• Calcium


• 
  Cholecalciferol^{[note 53]}
  


• Ergocalciferol


• Iodine


• Nicotinamide


• Pyridoxine


• Retinol


• Riboflavin


• Sodium fluoride


• Thiamine


• 
  Calcium gluconate^α
  

Ear, nose and throat medicines in children[edit]

• Acetic acid


• Budesonide


• Ciprofloxacin


• Xylometazoline

Specific medicines for neonatal care[edit]

Medicines administered to the neonate[edit]

• Caffeine citrate


• Chlorhexidine


• 
  Ibuprofen^α
  


• Prostaglandin E^α
  
  
  • Prostaglandin E1
  
  
  • Prostaglandin E2
  
  
  
  


• 
  Surfactant^α
  

Medicines administered to the mother[edit]

• Dexamethasone

Medicines for diseases of joints[edit]

Medicines used to treat gout[edit]

• Allopurinol

Disease-modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders[edit]

• Chloroquine


• 
  Azathioprine^α
  


• 
  Hydroxychloroquine^α
  


• 
  Methotrexate^α
  


• 
  Penicillamine^α
  


• 
  Sulfasalazine^α
  

Juvenile joint diseases[edit]

• 
  Aspirin^{[note 54]}
  

Notes[edit]

An α indicates the medicine is only on the complementary list. For these items specialized diagnostic or monitoring or specialist training are needed. An item may also be listed as complementary on the basis of higher costs or a less attractive cost-benefit ratio.^[3]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• 
  WHO Model Formulary 2008 (PDF). World Health Organization. 2009. ISBN 9789241547659.
  


• 
  The selection and use of essential medicines: Twentieth report of the WHO Expert Committee 2015 (including 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and 5th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children) (PDF). WHO. 2015. ISBN 9789240694941.