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SAR supergroup









SAR supergroup


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SAR
Temporal range: 736–0Ma[1]

Had'n





Archean




Proterozoic




Pha.










Harosa.png

Scientific classification edit
Domain:
Eukaryota
(unranked):
Diaphoretickes
(unranked):
SAR
Burki et al., 2007
Phyla



  • Stramenopiles (= Heterokonta)

  • Alveolata

  • Rhizaria



Synonyms

  • Harosa Cavalier-Smith, 2010


Sar or Harosa (informally the SAR supergroup) is a clade that includes stramenopiles (heterokonts), alveolates, and Rhizaria.[2][3][4][5] The first letter of each group provides the "SAR" in the name (alternatively spelled "RAS").[6][7]


The term "Harosa" (at the subkingdom level) has also been used for this grouping by Cavalier-Smith (2010).[8]Adl et al. (2012) formalized the SAR supergroup as the node-based taxon Sar. They defined it as:[6]


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Sar: the least inclusive clade containing Bigelowiella natans Moestrup & Sengco 2001 (Rhizaria), Tetrahymena thermophila Nanney & McCoy 1976 (Alveolata), and Thalassiosira pseudonana Cleve 1873 (Stramenopiles). This is a node-based definition in which all of the specifiers are extant.


Members of the SAR supergroup were once included under the separate supergroups Chromalveolata and Rhizaria, until phylogenetic studies confirmed that stramenopiles and alveolates diverged together with Rhizaria. This apparently excluded haptophytes and cryptomonads, leading Okamoto et al. (2009) to propose the clade Hacrobia to accommodate them.[9]



Phylogeny[edit]


Based on a compilation of the following works.[10][11][12][13]


.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.clade td{border:0;padding:0;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.8em;border:0;padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{border:0;padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}







TSAR












 

Telonemia
 

SAR/













Rhizaria












 

Phytomyxea Engler & Prantl 1897 em. Cavalier-Smith 1993
 
 












 

Vampyrellida West 1901 emend. Hess et al. 2012 {Vampyrellidea Cavalier-Smith 2017}
 
 












 

Filosa Leidy 1879 s.s.
 
 












 

Marimyxia Cavalier-Smith 2017
 
 

Retaria Cavalier-Smith 2002 s.s.
 
 
 
 
 

Halvaria













Alveolata












 

Ciliophora Doflein 1901 stat. n. Copeland 1956
 
 

Myzozoa Cavalier-Smith and Chao 2004
 
 

Heterokonta












 

Platysulcidae Shiratori, Nkayama & Ishida 2015
 
 












 

Sagenista Cavalier-Smith 1995 stat. n. 2006
 
 












 

Bikosea Cavalier-Smith 2013
 
 












 

Placidozoa Cavalier-Smith 2013
 

Gyrista












 

Bigyromonadea Cavalier-Smith 1998
 
 












 

Oomycota Arx 1967
 
 












 

Hyphochytriomycota Whittaker 1969
 
 












 

Pirsoniales Cavalier-Smith 1998
 
 

Ochrophyta Cavalier-Smith 1986 (Brown, golden & yellow algae)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Harosa
 


See also[edit]



  • Amoebozoa

  • Archaeplastida

  • Excavata

  • Opisthokonta



References[edit]





  1. ^ Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. (August 16, 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624&ndash, 13629. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813624P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ Archibald JM (January 2009). "The puzzle of plastid evolution". Curr. Biol. 19 (2): R81–8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.067. PMID 19174147.


  3. ^ Burki F, Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge M, et al. (2007). Butler G, ed. "Phylogenomics reshuffles the eukaryotic supergroups". PLoS ONE. 2 (8): e790. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..790B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000790. PMC 1949142. PMID 17726520.


  4. ^ Hampl V, Hug L, Leigh JW, et al. (March 2009). "Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups"". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (10): 3859–64. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.3859H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0807880106. PMC 2656170. PMID 19237557.


  5. ^ Frommolt R, Werner S, Paulsen H, et al. (December 2008). "Ancient recruitment by chromists of green algal genes encoding enzymes for carotenoid biosynthesis". Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (12): 2653–67. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn206. PMID 18799712.


  6. ^ ab Sina M. Adl; Alastair G.B. Simpson; Christopher E. Lane; Julius Lukeš; David Bass; Samuel S. Bowser; Matthew W. Brown; Fabien Burki; Micah Dunthorn; Vladimir Hampl; Aaron Heiss; Mona Hoppenrath; Enrique Lara; Line Le Gall; Denis H. Lynn; Hilary McManus; Edward A.D. Mitchell; Sharon E. Mozley-Stanridge; Laura W. Parfrey; Jan Pawlowski; Sonja Rueckert; Laura Shadwick; Conrad L. Schoch; Alexey Smirnov & Frederick W. Spiegel (2012). "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes" (PDF). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429&ndash, 493. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233.


  7. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf (2008). "An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes" (PDF). Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 46 (3): 263&ndash, 273. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.08060 (inactive 2018-11-01).


  8. ^ T. Cavalier-Smith (June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–5. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948. PMC 2880060. PMID 20031978.


  9. ^ Fabien Burki (2014). "The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 6 (5): 1&ndash, 17. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016147. PMC 3996474. PMID 24789819.


  10. ^ Ruggiero; et al. (2015), "Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms", PLoS ONE, 10 (4): e0119248, Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019248R, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248, PMC 4418965, PMID 25923521


  11. ^ Silar, Philippe (2016), "Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes", HAL Archives-ouvertes: 1–462


  12. ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (5 September 2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255 (1): 1–61. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3. PMC 5756292. PMID 28875267.


  13. ^ Strassert, Jürgen F. H.; Jamy, Mahwash; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Burki, Fabien (2018-08-30). "New phylogenomic analysis of the enigmatic phylum Telonemia further resolves the eukaryote tree of life". bioRxiv: 403329. doi:10.1101/403329.


















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