Nicolaas Bloembergen
Bloembergen in 1981
Born	(1920-03-11)March 11, 1920 Dordrecht, Netherlands
Died	September 5, 2017(2017-09-05) (aged 97) Tucson, Arizona, U.S.
Citizenship	Netherlands United States
Alma mater	Leiden University University of Utrecht
Known for	Laser spectroscopy
Spouse(s)	Huberta Deliana Brink (m. 1950)
Awards	Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize (1958) Stuart Ballantine Medal (1961) National Medal of Science (1974) Lorentz Medal (1978) Nobel Prize in Physics (1981) IEEE Medal of Honor (1983) Dirac Medal (1983)
Scientific career
Fields	Applied physics
Institutions	University of Arizona
Doctoral advisor	Cornelis Jacobus Gorter
Other academic advisors	Edward Purcell
Doctoral students	Peter Pershan Yuen-Ron Shen Eli Yablonovitch

Nicolaas "Nico" Bloembergen (March 11, 1920 – September 5, 2017) was a Dutch-American physicist and Nobel laureate, recognized for his work in developing driving principles behind nonlinear optics for laser spectroscopy.^[1] During his career, he was a professor at both Harvard University and later at the University of Arizona.

Bloembergen shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics with Arthur Schawlow, along with Kai Siegbahn for his laser spectroscopy work.^[2]

Early life[edit]

Bloembergen was born in Dordrecht on March 11, 1920, where his father was a chemical engineer and executive.^[2] He had five siblings, with his brother Auke later becoming a legal scholar.^[3] In 1938, Bloembergen entered the University of Utrecht to study physics. However, during World War II, the German authorities closed the University and Bloembergen spent two years in hiding.^[2]

Career[edit]

Graduate studies[edit]

Bloembergen left the war-ravaged Netherlands in 1945 to pursue graduate studies at Harvard University under Professor Edward Mills Purcell.^[4] Through Purcell, Bloembergen was part of the prolific academic lineage tree of J. J. Thomson, which includes many other Nobel Laureates, beginning with Thomson himself (Physics Nobel, 1906) and Lord Rayleigh (Physics Nobel, 1904), Ernest Rutherford (Chemistry Nobel 1908), Owen Richardson (Physics Nobel, 1928), and finally Purcell (Physics, Nobel 1952).^[5] Bloembergen's other influences include John Van Vleck (Physics Nobel, 1977) and Percy Bridgman (Physics Nobel, 1946).^[6]

Six weeks before his arrival, Purcell and his graduate students Torrey and Pound discovered nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).^[4] Bloembergen was hired to develop the first NMR machine. At Harvard he attended lectures by Schwinger, Van Vleck, and Kemble.^[2] Bloembergen's NMR systems are the predecessors of modern day MRI machines, which are used to examine internal organs and tissues.^[7] Bloembergen’s research on NMR led to an interest in masers, which were introduced in 1953 and are the predecessors of lasers.^[8]

Bloembergen returned to the Netherlands in 1947, and submitted his thesis Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation at the University of Leiden.^[9] This was because he had completed all the preliminary examinations in the Netherlands, and Cor Gorter of Leiden offered him a postdoctoral appointment there.^[9] He received his Ph.D. degree from Leiden in 1948, and then was a postdoc at Leiden for about a year.^[2]

Professorship[edit]

In 1949, he returned to Harvard as a Junior Fellow of the Society of Fellows.^[5] In 1951, he became an Associate Professor; he then became Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics in 1957; Rumford Professor of Physics in 1974; and Gerhard Gade University Professor in 1980.^[10] In 1990 he retired from Harvard.^[10]

In addition, Bloembergen served as a visiting professor. From 1964 to 1965, Bloembergen was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley.^[2] In 1996–1997, he was a Visiting Scientist at the College of Optical Sciences of the University of Arizona; he became a Professor at Arizona in 2001.^[11]

Bloembergen was a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and Honorary Editor of the Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials.^[12]

Laser spectroscopy[edit]

By 1960 while at Harvard, he experimented with microwave spectroscopy.^[8] Bloembergen had modified the maser of Charles Townes,^[13] and in 1956, Bloembergen developed a crystal maser, which was more powerful than the standard gaseous version.^[9]

With the advent of the laser, he participated in the development of the field of laser spectroscopy, which allows precise observations of atomic structure using lasers. Following the development of second-harmonic generation by Peter Franken and others in 1961, Bloembergen expanded on the study of the theoretical study of nonlinear optics, the analysis of how photons in high-intensity electromagnetic radiation interact with matter. In reflection to his work in a Dutch newspaper in 1990, Bloembergen said: "We took a standard textbook on optics and for each section we asked ourselves what would happen if the intensity was to become very high. We were almost certain that we were bound to encounter an entirely new type of physics within that domain".^[7]

From this theoretical work, Bloembergen found ways to combine two or more laser sources consisting of photons in the visible light frequency range to generate a single laser source with photons of different frequencies in the infrared and ultraviolet ranges, which extends the amount of atomic detail that can be gathered from laser spectroscopy.^[8]

Awards[edit]

He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1978.^[13] He received the Bijvoet Medal of the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research of Utrecht University in 2001.^[14]

Bloembergen shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics with Arthur Schawlow, along with Kai Siegbahn. The Nobel Foundation awarded Bloembergen and Schawlow "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy".^[13][15]

Personal life and death[edit]

Bloembergen met Huberta Deliana Brink (Deli) in 1948 while on vacation with his school's Physics Club. She was able to travel with Bloembergen to the United States in 1949 on a student hospitality exchange program; he proposed to her when they arrived in the States, and were married by 1950 on return to Amsterdam.^[16] They were both naturalized as citizens of the United States in 1958.^[10] They had three children.^[16]

Bloembergen died on September 5, 2017, at an assisted living facility in his hometown Tucson, Arizona of cardiorespiratory failure, at the age of 97.^[17][18][19]

Honors[edit]

Bloembergen in 2006

• Corresponding member, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, 1956^[20]
  


• Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1956^[21]
  


• Member, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1960^[22]
  


• Foreign Honorary Member, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, 1978^[23]
  


• Associé Étranger, Académie des Sciences, Paris, 1981^[5]
  


• 
  Guggenheim Fellow, 1957^[24]
  


• 
  Oliver Buckley Prize, American Physical Society, 1958^[25]
  


• 
  IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award, Institute of Radio Engineers, 1959^[5]
  


• 
  Stuart Ballantine Medal, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, 1961^[5]
  


• 
  National Medal of Science, President of the United States of America, 1974^[26]
  


• 
  Lorentz Medal, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, 1978^[27]
  


• 
  Frederic Ives Medal, Optical Society of America, 1979^[5]
  


• Von Humboldt Senior Scientist, 1980^[5]
  


• Member, German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, 1983^[28]
  


• Member Emeritus, United States National Academy of Engineering, 1984^[29]
  

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nicolaas Bloembergen.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Nicolaas Bloembergen

• Freeview video 'An Interview with Nicolaas Bloembergen' by the Vega Science Trust


• Nicolaas Bloembergen


• their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy


• Oral History interview transcript with Nicolaas Bloembergen 27 June 1983, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives