Reputation management refers to the influencing and controlling of an individual's or group's reputation. Originally a public relations term, the growth of the internet and social media, along with reputation management companies, have made search results a core part of an individual's or group's reputation.^[1] Online reputation management, sometimes abbreviated as ORM, focuses on the management of product and service search website results.^[2] Ethical grey areas include mug shot removal sites, astroturfing review sites, censoring negative complaints, and using search engine optimization tactics to influence results.

With extensive developments in this field of public relations, in-sync with the growth of the internet and social media, along with the advent of reputation management companies, the overall out-look of search results has become an integral part of what defines "reputation" and subsequent to all these developments, reputation management now exists under two spheres: online and off-line reputation management.

Online reputation management focuses on the management of product and service search results within the digital space.^[1] A variety of electronic markets and online communities like e-Bay, Amazon and Alibaba have ORM systems built in, and using effective control nodes these can minimize the threat and protect systems from possible misuses and abuses by malicious nodes in decentralized overlay networks.^[3]

Whereas, off-line reputation management refers to the process of managing public perception of a said entity out-side the digital sphere using select clearly defined controls and measures towards a desired result ideally representing what stake-holders think and feel about that entity.^[4] Wherein, the most popular controls for off-line reputation management include social responsibility, media visibility, press releases in print media and sponsorship amongst related tools.^[5]

History[edit]

Reputation is a social construct based on the opinion other people hold about a person or thing. Reputation effects success anytime group interaction is involved.^{[citation needed]} Before the internet was developed, consumers wanting to learn about a company had few options. They had access to resources such as the Yellow Pages, but mostly relied on word-of-mouth. A company's reputation depended on personal experience.^{[citation needed]} A company grew and expanded based on the market's perception of the brand. Public relations was developed to manage the image and build the reputation of a company or individual.^{[citation needed]} The concept was initially created to broaden public relations outside of media relations.^[6] Academic studies have identified it as a driving force behind Fortune 500 corporate public relations since the beginning of the 21st century.^[7]

Originally, public relations included printed media, events and networking campaigns. In 1998, Google was founded. The popularity of the internet introduced new marketing and branding opportunities. Where once journalists were the main source of media content, blogs, review sites and social media gave a voice to consumers regardless of qualification. Public relations became part of online reputation management (ORM). ORM includes traditional reputation strategies of public relations but also focus n building a long-term reputation strategy that is consistent across all web-based channels and platforms. ORM includes search engine reputation management which is designed to counter negative search results and elevate positive content.^[8][9]

Some businesses have adopted unethical means to falsely improve their reputations. In 2007, a study by the University of California Berkeley found that some sellers on eBay were undertaking reputation management by selling products at a discount in exchange for positive feedback to game the system.^[10]

Online reputation management[edit]

Reputation management (sometimes referred to as rep management or ORM) is the practice of attempting to shape public perception of a person or organization by influencing information about that entity, primarily online.^[11] What necessitates this shaping of perceptions being the role of consumers in any organisation and the cognisance of how much if ignored these perceptions may harm a company's performance at any time of the year, a risk no entrepreneur or company executive can afford.^[12]

Specifically, reputation management involves the monitoring of the reputation of an individual or a brand on the internet, addressing content which is potentially damaging to it, and using customer feedback to try to solve problems before they damage the individual's or brand's reputation.^[13] A major part of reputation management involves suppressing negative search results, while highlighting positive ones.^[14] For businesses, reputation management usually involves an attempt to bridge the gap between how a company perceives itself and how others view it.^[15]

Benefits[edit]

A fast growing discipline and corporate necessity, reputation management is widely acknowledged as a valuable intangible asset which can be one of the most important sources of competitive edge in a fiercely competitive market,^[16] and with firms constantly under increased scrutiny from the business community, regulators and corporate governance watchdogs good reputation management practices continue to help firms cope with this scrutiny.^[17]

Other benefits of sound reputation management practices is how much they reinforce and aid a corporation's branding objectives which on their own along the way play a paramount role in helping a company meet its marketing and business communication objectives, a key driver towards how much any company can go towards increasing profits and its market share. Good reputation management practices are also important in helping any entity manage staff confidence as a control tool on public perceptions which if undermined and ignored can be costly, which in the long run may cripple employee confidence, a risk no employer would dare explore as staff morale is one of the most important drivers of company performance.^[18]

Reputation management campaigns in popular media[edit]

In 2011, controversy around the Taco Bell restaurant chain arose when public accusations were made that their "seasoned beef" product was only made up of only 35% real beef. A class action lawsuit was filed by the law firm Beasley Allen against Taco Bell. The suit was voluntarily withdrawn with Beasley Allen citing that "From the inception of this case, we stated that if Taco Bell would make certain changes regarding disclosure and marketing of its 'seasoned beef' product, the case could be dismissed."^[19][20] Taco Bell responded to the case being withdrawn by launching a reputation management campaign titled "Would it kill you to say you're sorry?" that ran advertisements in various news outlets in print and online, which attempted to draw attention to the voluntary withdrawal of the case.^[21]

Examples[edit]

Companies often attempt to manage their reputations on websites that many people visit, such as eBay,^[22]Wikipedia, and Google. Some of the tactics used by reputation management firms include:^[23]

• Improving the tagging and search engine optimization of company-published materials, such as white papers and positive customer testimonials in order to push down negative content.^[24]
  


• Publishing original, positive websites and social media profiles, with the aim of outperforming negative results in a search.^[25]
  


• Submitting online press releases to authoritative websites in order to promote brand presence and suppress negative content.


• Submitting legal take-down requests if someone believes they have been libeled.^[26]
  


• Getting mentions of the business or individual on third-party sites that rank highly on Google.^[26]
  


• Creating fake, positive reviews of the individual or business to counteract negative ones.^[26]
  


• Using spam bots and denial-of-service attacks to force sites with damaging content off the web entirely.^{[citation needed]}
  


• 
  Astroturfing third-party websites by creating anonymous accounts that create positive reviews or lash out against negative ones.^[26]
  


• Proactively offering free products to prominent reviewers.^[27]
  


• Removing online mug shots.^[28]
  


• Proactively responding to public criticism stemming from recent changes.^[27]
  


• Removing or suppressing images that are embarrassing or violate copyright.^[29]
  


• Contacting Wikipedia editors to remove allegedly incorrect information from the Wikipedia pages of businesses they represent.^[30]
  

Ethics[edit]

The practice of reputation management raises many ethical questions.^[26] It is widely disagreed upon where the line for disclosure, astroturfing, and censorship should be drawn. Firms have been known to hire staff to pose as bloggers on third party sites without disclosing they were paid, and some have been criticized for asking websites to remove negative posts.^[8][24] The exposure of unethical reputation management can itself be risky to the reputation of a firm that attempts it.^[31]

Some firms practice ethical forms of reputation management. Google considers there to be nothing inherently wrong with reputation management,^[25] and even introduced a toolset in 2011 for users to monitor their online identity and request the removal of unwanted content.^[32] Many firms are selective about clients they accept. For example, they may avoid individuals that committed violent crimes that are looking to push information about their crimes lower on search results.^[26]

In 2015, the online retailer Amazon.com sued 1,114 people who were paid to publish fake five star reviews for products. These reviews were created using a website for microtasks, Fiverr.com.^[33][34][35] Several other companies offer fake Yelp and Facebook reviews, and one journalist amassed five star reviews for a business that doesn't exist, from social media accounts that have also given overwhelmingly positive reviews to "a chiropractor in Arizona, a hair salon in London, a limo company in North Carolina, a realtor in Texas, and a locksmith in Florida, among other far-flung businesses".^[36]

In 2016, the Washington Post detailed 25 court cases, at least 15 who had false addresses for the defendant. The court cases had similar language and the defendant agreed to the injunction by the plaintiff, which allowed the reputation management company to issue takedown notices to Google, Yelp, Leagle, Ripoff Report, various news sites, and other websites.^[37]

See also[edit]

References[edit]