College basketball

College basketball today is governed by collegiate athletic bodies including the United States's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA), the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA), and the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA). Governing bodies in Canada include U Sports and the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). Each of these various organizations are subdivided into from one to three divisions based on the number and level of scholarships that may be provided to the athletes.

Each organization has different conferences to divide up the teams into groups. Teams are selected into these conferences depending on the location of the schools. These conferences are put in due to the regional play of the teams and to have a structural schedule for each to team to play for the upcoming year. During conference play the teams are ranked not only through the entire NCAA^[1], but the conference as well in which they have tournament play leading into the NCAA tournament^[2].

2 Conferences
- 2.1 NCAA Division I
- 2.2 NCAA Division II
- 2.3 NCAA Division III
- 2.4 NAIA Division I and II
- 2.5 National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA) Divisions I and II
- 2.6 National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) Divisions I,II, and III
- 2.7 California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA)
- 2.8 United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA)
- 2.9 Northwest Athletic Conference (NWAC)
- 2.10 Association of Christian College Athletics (ACCA)
- 2.11 Independent conferences

3 Relationship to professional basketball

4 Distinctions with NBA and WNBA play

5 Other divisions

6 National Invitation Tournament (NIT)

7 Awards

8 Records and lists
- 8.1 Men's
- 8.2 Women's

9 See also

10 References

History[edit]

The history of basketball can be traced back to a YMCA International Training School, known today as Springfield College, located in Springfield, Massachusetts. The sport was created by a physical education teacher named James Naismith, who in the winter of 1891 was given the task of creating a game that would keep track athletes in shape and that would prevent them from getting hurt. The date of the first formal basketball game played at the Springfield YMCA Training School under Naismith's rules is generally given as December 21, 1891.^[1]^[3]^[2] Basketball began to be played at some college campuses by 1893.^[4]

Collegiate firsts[edit]

The first known college to field a basketball team against an outside opponent was Vanderbilt University, which played against the local YMCA in Nashville, Tennessee, on February 7, 1893.^[4] The second recorded instance of an organized college basketball game was Geneva College's game against the New Brighton YMCA on April 8, 1893, in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, which Geneva won 3–0.^[4]

The first recorded game between two college teams occurred on February 9, 1895, when Hamline University faced Minnesota A&M (which later became a part of the University of Minnesota).^[4]^[5] Minnesota A&M won the game, which was played under rules allowing nine players per side, 9–3.^[5] The first intercollegiate match using the modern rule of five players per side is often credited as a game between the University of Chicago and the University of Iowa, in Iowa City, Iowa, on January 18, 1896.^[4]^[6] The Chicago team won the game 15-12, under the coaching of Amos Alonzo Stagg, who had learned the game from James Naismith at the Springfield YMCA.^[5]^[6] However, some sources state the first "true" five-on-five intercollegiate match was a game in 1897 between Yale and Penn, because although the Iowa team that played Chicago in 1896 was composed of University of Iowa students, it reportedly did not officially represent the university, rather it was organized through a YMCA.^[5] By 1900, the game of basketball had spread to colleges across the country.

Tournaments[edit]

The Amateur Athletic Union's annual U.S. national championship tournament (first played in 1898) often featured collegiate teams playing against non-college teams. Four colleges won the AAU tournament championship: Utah (1916), NYU (1920), Butler (1924) and Washburn (1925). College teams were also runners-up in 1915, 1917, 1920, 1921, 1932 and 1934.

The first known tournament featuring exclusively college teams was the 1904 Summer Olympics, where basketball was a demonstration sport, and a collegiate championship tournament was held.^[7] The Olympic title was won by Hiram College.^[7] In March 1908, a two-game "championship series" was organized between the University of Chicago and Penn, with games played in Philadelphia and Bartlett, Illinois. Chicago swept both games to win the series.^[8]^[9]

In March 1922, the 1922 National Intercollegiate Basketball Tournament was held in Indianapolis – the first stand-alone post-season tournament exclusively for college teams. The champions of six major conferences participated: Pacific Coast Conference, Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, Western Pennsylvania League, Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association and Indiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The Western Conference and Eastern Intercollegiate League declined invitations to participate.^[10]Wabash College won the 1922 tournament.

The first organization to tout a regularly occurring national collegiate championship was the NAIA in 1937, although it was quickly surpassed in prestige by the National Invitation Tournament, or NIT, which brought six teams to New York's Madison Square Garden in the spring of 1938.^[5]Temple defeated Colorado in the first NIT tournament championship game, 60–36.^[5]

NCAA tournament[edit]

In 1939, another national tournament was implemented by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The location of the NCAA Tournament varied from year to year, and it soon used multiple locations each year, so more fans could see games without traveling to New York. Although the NIT was created earlier and was more prestigious than the NCAA for many years, it ultimately lost popularity and status to the NCAA Tournament. In 1950, following a double win by the 1949–50 CCNY Beavers men's basketball team (when the NIT comprised 12 and the NCAA 8 teams), the NCAA ruled that no team could compete in both tournaments, and effectively indicated that a team eligible for the NCAA tournament should play in it.^[11] Not long afterward, assisted by the 1951 scandals based in New York City, the NCAA tournament had become more prestigious than before, with conference champions and the majority of top-ranked teams competing there.^[12] The NCAA tournament eventually overtook the NIT by 1960. Through the 1960s and 1970s, with UCLA leading the way as winner of ten NCAA Tournament championships, a shift in power to teams from the west amplified the shift of attention away from the New York City-based NIT. When the NCAA tournament expanded its field of teams from 25 to 32 in 1975, to 48 in 1980, to 64 in 1985, and to 68 teams in 2011, interest in the NCAA tournament increased again and again, as it comprised more and more teams, soon including all of the strongest ones. (Expansion also improved the distribution of playing locations, which number roughly one-third the number of teams in the field.)

In 2011, the NCAA field expanded to 68 teams and the last 8 teams playing for four spots making the field into 64, which is called the first round and so on. The former first round is called the second round, the second round is called the third round, and the Sweet Sixteen is the same, but it is technically the fourth round in the current format, etc.^[13]

In 2016, the field did not expand, but the round numbers changed again. The first four games containing the last 8 teams is now referred to as the first four. Consequently, the first round does not start until the first four games are out of the way and the field is narrowed to 64 teams. So after the first four games the first round starts instead of that being the second round. The Second is now when there are 32 teams left, the sweet sixteen is the third round, and so on.^[14]

Original rules[edit]

The original rules for basketball were very different from today's modern rules of the sport, including the use of 8 players per side. In the beginning James Naismith established 13 original rules:

The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.

The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands, but never with the fist.

A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, with allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at a good speed.

The ball must be held by the hands. The arms or body must not be used for holding it.

No shouldering, holding, pushing, striking, or tripping in any way of an opponent is allowed. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed.

A foul will be called when a player is seen striking at the ball with the fist, or when violations of rules 3 and 4 and such as described in rule 5 have been made.

If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents ("consecutive" means without the opponents in the meantime making a foul).

A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.

When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them.

The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have power to disqualify men according to rule 5.

The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals, with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee.

The time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between.

The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner.

History of NCAA Basketball Rule Changes[edit]

The following is a list of some of the major NCAA Basketball rule changes with the year they went into effect.^[15]^[16]

Season	Rule Change
1891–92	The first set of women's rules is created.
1900–01	A dribbler may not shoot for a field goal and may dribble only once, and then with two hands.
1908–09	A dribbler is permitted to shoot. The dribble is defined as the "continuous passage of the ball," making the double dribble illegal. Players are disqualified upon committing their fourth personal foul (women).
1910–11	Players are disqualified upon committing their fourth personal foul (men). No coaching is allowed during the progress of the game by anybody connected with either team. A warning is given for the first violation and a free throw is awarded after that.
1917–18	Players are disqualified upon committing their fifth personal foul (women only).
1920–21	The basket is moved to two feet from the baseline. Previously the players could climb the padded wall to get closer to the basket (with the new rule the wall is out of bounds). A player can re-enter a game once. Before this rule, if a player left the game, he could not re-enter for the rest of the game.
1921–22	Running with the ball was changed from a foul to a violation.
1923–24	The player fouled must shoot his own free throws. Before this rule, one person usually shot all the free throws for a team.
1928–29	The charging foul by the dribbler is introduced.
1930–31	A held ball may be called when a closely guarded player is withholding the ball from play for 5 seconds.
1932–33	The 10-second (mid-court) line is introduced to reduce stalling (men only). No player with the ball may stand in the free throw lane for more than 3 seconds.
1933–34	A player may re-enter a game twice.
1935–36	No offensive player (with or without the ball) may stand in the free throw lane for more than 3 seconds.
1937–38	The center jump after every made basket is eliminated.
1938–39	The ball will be thrown in from out of bounds at mid-court by the team shooting a free throw after a technical foul. Previously, the ball was put into play by a center jump after the technical free throw.
1939–40	Teams have the option of taking a free throw or taking the ball at midcourt.
1942–43	Any player who has yet to foul out, will be allowed to receive a fifth foul in overtime.
1944–45	Defensive goaltending is banned. Five personal fouls disqualifies a player; no extra foul is permitted in overtime (men). Unlimited substitution is allowed. Offensive players cannot stand in the free throw lane for more than 3 seconds.
1948–49	Coaches are allowed to speak to players during a timeout.
1951–52	Games are to be played in four 10-minute quarters. Previously it was two 20-minute halves.
1952–53	Teams can no longer waive free throws and take the ball at midcourt.
1954–55	The one-and-one free throw is introduced allowing a player to take a second free throw if the first one is made. Games return to two 20-minute halves.
1955–56	The two-shot penalty in existence for the last 3 minutes of each half is eliminated; the one-and-one free throw exists for the whole game.
1956–57	The free-throw lane is increased from 6 feet to 12 feet in width. On the lineup for a free throw, the two spaces adjacent to the end line must be occupied by opponents of the shooter. In the past, one space was marked 'H' for the home team, and one 'V' for the visitors. Grasping the rim is ruled unsportsmanlike conduct.
1957–58	Offensive goaltending is now banned. One free throw for each common foul for the first six personal fouls in a half, and the one-and-one is used thereafter.
1967–68	The dunk is made illegal during the game and during warmups.
1969–70	Women's basketball introduces the five-player full-court game on an experimental basis.
1971–72	The five-player full-court game becomes mandatory for women's basketball. The 30-second shot clock is introduced (women only).
1972–73	The free throw on the common foul for the first six personal fouls in a half is eliminated. An official can charge a technical foul on a player for unsportsmanlike conduct if the official deems the player 'flopped' to get a charging call. Freshmen are now eligible to play varsity basketball.
1973–74	Officials can now penalize players away from the ball for fouls for acts such as holding, grabbing and illegal screens.
1976–77	The dunk is made legal again.
1981–82	The jump ball is eliminated except for the start of the game and overtime if necessary. An alternating arrow will indicate possession of the ball in jump-ball situations in a game (men only).
1982–83	When a closely guarded player is guarded for 5 seconds, a jump ball is no longer required. Instead a turnover is created and the ball goes to the other team.
1983–84	Two free throws are issued if a foul occurs in the last two minutes of a half or in overtime (men only). This rule was rescinded a month into the season, before the start of conference play.
1984–85	A new, smaller ball ("size 6"; 28.5 inches circumference, 18 ounces) is introduced for women's play.
1985–86	The 45-second shot clock is introduced for men's play. If a shooter is intentionally fouled and the basket is missed, the shooter will get two free throws and the team will get possession of the ball.
1986–87	A three-point shot was introduced, with the line a uniform 19′ 9″ from the center of the basket. Mandatory for men's basketball; experimental for women's. The men's alternating possession rule is extended to the women's game.
1987–88	The men's three-point line was made mandatory for women's basketball. Each intentional personal foul gives the non-fouling team two free throws and possession of the ball (men only). The NCAA adopts a single rule book for men's and women's basketball for the first time, although some rules differ between the sexes to this day.
1988–89	The men's rule regarding intentional fouls is extended to the women's game.
1990–91	Beginning with a team's 10th foul in a half, two free throws (the so-called "double bonus") are to be awarded for each non-shooting personal foul on the defense, and each loose-ball foul (men only). Three free throws are awarded when a shooter is fouled from three-point range and misses the shot (both men and women).
1993–94	The men's shot clock is reduced from 45 seconds to 35 seconds. The game clock will be stopped with successful baskets in the last minute of each half and in the last minute of overtime, with no substitution permitted.The 5-second rule regarding closely guarded players is eliminated.
1994–95	Scoring is restricted to a tap-in when 0.3 seconds or less remains on the game clock (men and women).
1997–98	The 5-second rule regarding closely guarded players is reinstated. Timeouts can be made by players on the court or the head coach. The "double bonus" introduced to the men's game in 1990 is extended to the women's game.
1998–99	In a held ball situation initiated by the defense, the defense shall gain possession of the ball regardless of the possession arrow.
1999–2000	The held ball rule from 1998–99 was rescinded. Maximum of five players occupying lane spaces during free throws in women's play (two from the shooting team, three from the defending team).
2000–01	In women's play only, if the defending team commits a foul during a throw-in after a made basket or free throw, the team putting the ball in play retains the right to run the end line during the subsequent throw-in.
2001–02	In women's play, six players now allowed in lane spaces (four defenders, two offensive players). Additionally, the defensive players nearest the basket are now required to line up in the second space from the basket.
2005–06	Kicked balls will no longer reset the shot clock. If the violation occurs with less than 15 seconds, the clock will be reset to 15 seconds.
2006–07	A timeout called by an airborne player falling out of bounds will not be recognized.
2007–08	The women's rule regarding lane alignment during free throws (maximum of four defenders and two offensive players, with the nearest defenders on the second space from the basket) is extended to the men's game.
2008–09	Three-point arc extended to 20′ 9″ from the center of the basket for men's play only. Referees may use instant replay to determine if a flagrant foul has been committed and who started the incident. When the entire ball is over the level of the basket during a shot and touches the backboard, it is a goaltending violation if the ball is subsequently touched, even if still moving upward.
2011–12	Women's three-point arc extended to match men's arc. Restricted area arc created 3 feet from the center of the basket (men and women). When an offensive player makes contact with a defender who establishes position within this area, the resulting foul is blocking on the defender.
2013–14	10-second backcourt rule introduced (women only). Any timeout called within the 30 seconds preceding a scheduled media timeout break replaces the media timeout (women only).
2015–16	The men's shot clock changed to 30 seconds, making it identical to the women's shot clock. Coaches prohibited from calling timeouts from the bench in live-ball situations; players remain free to do so. Restricted area arc extended from 3 feet to 4 feet from the center of the basket (men only). Dunks are permitted during warm-ups. Number of timeouts for each team reduced from 5 to 4. Women's basketball changed from 20-minute halves to 10-minute quarters. In women's basketball, bonus free throws come into effect on the fifth team foul in a quarter; all bonus free throw situations result in two free throws. The women's rule regarding timeouts within 30 seconds of a scheduled media timeout was extended to the men's game.
2016–17	Coaches allowed to call timeouts from the bench during inbounds plays before the pass is released.
2017–18	Men only: The shot clock will be reset to 20 seconds, or the amount remaining on the shot clock if greater, when the ball is inbounded in the frontcourt after (1) a defensive foul or (2) a deliberate kick or fisting of the ball by the defense. Men only: If an injured player is unable to shoot free throws as the result of a flagrant foul, or if the player is bleeding, only his substitute can shoot the ensuing free throws. Men only: When the ball is legally touched inbounds and an official immediately signals a clock stoppage, a minimum of 0.3 seconds must elapse on the game clock. Men only: A player dunking the ball may hold onto the rim to prevent injury to himself or another player, even if it would result in another violation. Women only: No new 10-second backcourt count awarded if the team in possession is granted and charged a timeout. Women's basketball adopted the men's 4-foot restricted area arc. Women only: Abandoned the "flagrant-1" and "flagrant-2" foul designations in favor of the FIBA standard of "unsportsmanlike" and "disqualifying" fouls. The new "unsportsmanlike" designation now includes contact dead-ball technicals.

One-and-Done Rule[edit]

The One-and-Done rule has been a part of the Collegiate Basketball since 2006, the first NBA draft it affected. The rule was created by NBA Commissioner, David Stern, which changed the draft age from 18 years old to 19 years old. This age change made it to where players could not be drafted into the NBA straight out of high school. Instead, however, they usually went to a college to play only one season before entering the following NBA draft when they are eligible, hence the name One-and-Done.^{[citation needed]} The first player to be drafted during this "one-and-done era" was Tyrus Thomas, a forward out of Louisiana State, who was drafted fourth overall in 2007.^{[citation needed]}

Conferences[edit]

NCAA Division I[edit]

A map of all NCAA Division I basketball teams.

In 2018–19, a total of 353 schools are playing men's basketball in 32 Division I basketball conferences. All of these schools also sponsor women's basketball except The Citadel and VMI, two military colleges that were all-male until the 1990s and remain overwhelmingly male today.

The conferences for 2018–19 are:

America East Conference

American Athletic Conference

Atlantic 10 Conference

Atlantic Coast Conference

Atlantic Sun Conference

Big 12 Conference

Big East Conference

Big Sky Conference

Big South Conference

Big Ten Conference

Big West Conference

Colonial Athletic Association

Conference USA

Horizon League

Ivy League

Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference

Mid-American Conference

Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference

Missouri Valley Conference

Mountain West Conference

Northeast Conference

Ohio Valley Conference

Pac-12 Conference

Patriot League

Southeastern Conference

Southern Conference

Southland Conference

Southwestern Athletic Conference

Sun Belt Conference

Summit League

West Coast Conference

Western Athletic Conference

In the early decades of college basketball, and well into the 1970s, many schools played as independents, with no conference membership. However, the rise of televised college sports in the 1980s led to the formation of many new conferences and the expansion of previously existing conferences. The last Division I school to play as an independent in basketball was NJIT, which was forced to go independent in 2013 after the collapse of its former all-sports league, the Great West Conference. NJIT joined the Atlantic Sun Conference in 2015, leaving no Division I basketball independents.

NCAA Division II[edit]

A map of all NCAA Division II basketball teams.

There are 24 Division II basketball conferences. The conferences are as follows:

California Collegiate Athletic Association

Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference

Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association

Conference Carolinas

East Coast Conference

Great American Conference

Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference

Great Lakes Valley Conference

Great Midwest Athletic Conference

Great Northwest Athletic Conference

Gulf South Conference

Heartland Conference

Lone Star Conference

Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association

Mountain East Conference

Northeast-10 Conference

Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference

Pacific West Conference

Peach Belt Conference

Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference

Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference

South Atlantic Conference

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference

Sunshine State Conference

There are 3 independent Division II schools without conference affiliations for the 2016–17 season.

The most recent change in the list of Division II conferences came after the 2012–13 season, when the West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WVIAC) folded. In June 2012, the conference's nine football-playing members announced a split from the six non-football schools. Eight of the nine schools that announced the split eventually joined with one WVIAC non-football member and three other institutions to form the Mountain East Conference, which began play in the 2013–14 season. Of the remaining schools, three joined the Great Midwest Athletic Conference and two joined the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference, with one becoming independent.

The 2018–19 season is the last for the Heartland Conference. In 2017, eight of its nine members announced a mass exodus to the Lone Star Conference effective in 2019. The remaining member would find a home in the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association, although it will technically be an associate member because it does not sponsor football, which is mandatory for full MIAA members.

NCAA Division III[edit]

Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference

American Collegiate Athletic Association

American Southwest Conference^[a]

Atlantic East Conference

Capital Athletic Conference

Centennial Conference^[a]

City University of New York Athletic Conference

College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin^[a]

Colonial States Athletic Conference

Commonwealth Coast Conference^[b]

Empire 8 Conference^[a]

Great Northeast Athletic Conference

Great South Athletic Conference

Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference^[a]

Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference^[a]

Landmark Conference

Liberty League^[a]

Little East Conference

MAC Commonwealth Conference^[c]

MAC Freedom Conference^[c]

Massachusetts State Collegiate Athletic Conference^[a]

Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association^[a]

Midwest Conference^[a]

Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference^[a]

New England Collegiate Conference

New England Small College Athletic Conference^[a]

New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference^[a]

New Jersey Athletic Conference^[a]

North Atlantic Conference

North Coast Athletic Conference^[a]

North Eastern Athletic Conference

Northern Athletics Collegiate Conference^[a]

Northwest Conference^[a]

Ohio Athletic Conference^[a]

Old Dominion Athletic Conference^[a]

Presidents' Athletic Conference^[a]

St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference^[a]

Skyline Conference

Southern Athletic Association^[a]

Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference^[a]

Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference

State University of New York Athletic Conference

University Athletic Association^[a]

Upper Midwest Athletic Conference^[a]

USA South Athletic Conference^[a]

Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference^[a]

Notes

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x^y^z^aa Conference sponsors football.

^ The Commonwealth Coast Conference does not directly sponsor football, but operates Commonwealth Coast Football, a football-only league that remains a separate legal entity from the all-sports CCC.

^ ^a^b This is one of the three leagues operated by the Middle Atlantic Conferences (MAC). It does not sponsor football, but several of its members play football in the MAC's Middle Atlantic Conference.

NAIA Division I and II[edit]

Map of NAIA Division I

Map of NAIA Division II

American Midwest Conference (AMC)

Appalachian Athletic Conference (AAC)

California Pacific Conference (CAL-PAC)

Cascade Collegiate Conference

Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference (CCAC)

Crossroads League (CL)

Frontier Conference

Golden State Athletic Conference (GSAC)

Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC)

Gulf Coast Athletic Conference (GCAC)

Heart of America Athletic Conference (HAAC)

Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC)

Midlands Collegiate Athletic Conference

Mid-South Conference (MSC)

Midwest Collegiate Conference (MCC)

North Star Athletic Association (NSAA)

Red River Athletic Conference (RRAC)

River States Conference (RSC)

Sooner Athletic Conference (SAC)

Southern States Athletic Conference (SSAC)

The Sun Conference (TSC)

Wolverine–Hoosier Athletic Conference (WHAC)

National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA) Divisions I and II[edit]

Central Region

East Region

Mid-East Region

Mid-West Region

North Central Region

South Region

Southwest Region

West Region

National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) Divisions I,II, and III[edit]

Alabama Community College Conference

Arizona Community College Athletic Conference

Arrowhead Conference

Bi-State Conference

Carolinas Junior College Conference

Colorado Community College Athletic Conference

Eastern Pennsylvania Collegiate Conference

Garden State Athletic Conference

Georgia Junior College Athletic Association

Great Rivers Athletic Conference

Illinois N4C Conference

Illinois Skyway Conference

Iowa Community College Athletic Conference

Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference

Maryland Junior College Athletic Conference

Massachusetts Community College Athletic Association

Metro Athletic Conference

Michigan Community College Athletic Association

Mid-Florida Conference

Mid Hudson Conference

Mid-State Athletic Conference

Mid-West Athletic Conference

Minnesota College Athletic Conference

Mississippi Association of Community & Junior Colleges

MISS-LOU Junior College Conference

Missouri Community College Athletic Conference

Mon-Dak Conference

Mountain Valley Conference

NJCAA Region 9

North Texas Junior College Athletic Conference

Northeast JC Football Conference

Ohio Community College Athletic Conference

Panhandle Conference

Pennsylvania Collegiate Athletic Association

Scenic West Athletic Conference

Southern Conference

Southwest Junior College Conference

Southwest Junior College Football Conference

Suncoast Conference

Tennessee Junior and Community College Athletic Association

Western Junior College Athletic Conference

Western New York Athletic Conference

Western Pennsylvania Collegiate Conference

Western States Football League

Wyoming Community College Athletic Conference

California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA)[edit]

Bay Valley Conference

Big 8 Conference (California)

Central Valley Conference

Coast Conference

Foothill Athletic Conference

Golden Valley Conference

Orange Empire Conference

Pacific Coast Athletic Conference (CCCAA)

South Coast Conference

Western State Conference

United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA)[edit]

Penn State University Athletic Conference

Yankee Small College Conference

Northwest Athletic Conference (NWAC)[edit]

Northern Region

Southern Region

Eastern Region

Western Region

Association of Christian College Athletics (ACCA)[edit]

Midwest Christian College Conference

Independent conferences[edit]

Liga Atlética Interuniversitaria de Puerto Rico

Manitoba Colleges Athletic Conference

Northern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference

Pacific Christian Athletic Conference

Wisconsin Collegiate Conference

Relationship to professional basketball[edit]

In past decades, the NBA held to tradition and drafted players who had graduated from college. This was a mutually beneficial relationship for the NBA and colleges—the colleges held onto players who would otherwise go professional, and the NBA did not have to fund a minor league. As the college game became commercialized, though, it became increasingly difficult for "student athletes" to be students. A growing number of poor and under-educated, but highly talented, teenage basketball players found the system exploitative—they brought in funds to schools where they learned little and played without income.

The American Basketball Association began to employ players who had not yet graduated from college. After a season of junior college, a season at the University of Detroit, and an Olympic gold medal, Spencer Haywood played the 1969–70 season with the ABA's Denver Rockets. He signed with the NBA's Seattle SuperSonics in 1970, before his college class graduation, defying NBA rules. Haywood pleaded that, as his family's sole wage earner, he should be allowed to earn a living in the NBA or else his family would face destitution. The ensuing legal battle went to the U.S. Supreme Court which ruled in 1971 that the NBA does not have the same antitrust exemption enjoyed by Major League Baseball. Thereafter, collegiate players demonstrating economic hardship were allowed early entry into the NBA draft. The hardship requirement was eliminated in 1976.

In 1974, Moses Malone joined the Utah Stars of the American Basketball Association (which became part of the NBA after the ABA–NBA merger in 1976) straight out of high school and went on to a Hall of Fame career. The past 30 years have seen a remarkable change in the college game. The best international players routinely skip college entirely, many American stars skip college (Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, Tracy McGrady, Dwight Howard, Amar'e Stoudemire, and LeBron James) or only play one year (Carmelo Anthony, Chris Bosh, Kevin Durant, and John Wall), and only a dozen or so college graduates are now among the 60 players selected in the annual NBA draft. Fewer high schoolers have progressed directly to the NBA without at least one year of college basketball beginning in 2006; citing maturity concerns after several incidents involving young players, the labor agreement between players and owners now specifies that players must turn 19 years of age during the calendar year of the draft to be eligible. Additionally, U.S. players must be at least one year removed from their high school graduation.^[17]

The pervasiveness of college basketball throughout the nation, the large population of graduates from "major conference" universities, and the NCAA's marketing of "March Madness" (officially the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship), have kept the college game alive and well. Some commentators have argued that the higher turnover of players has increased the importance of good coaches. Many teams have been highly successful, for instance, by emphasizing personality in their recruiting efforts, with the goal of creating a cohesive group that, while lacking stars, plays together for all 4 years and thus develops a higher level of sophistication than less stable teams could achieve.

College basketball remains more popular than the NBA in some regions of the United States, such as in North Carolina and the Midwest (where traditionally strong programs at Louisville, Kentucky, and Indiana are found).

Distinctions with NBA and WNBA play[edit]

The NCAA Men's Basketball Rules Committee, consisting of coaches from all three divisions of the NCAA, sets the rules for college men's basketball play. A parallel committee sets rules for college women's play. Although many of the NBA and WNBA rules apply in NCAA play, there are differences that make NCAA play unique.^[18]

As of the most recent 2017–18 season, NCAA men's games are divided into two halves, each 20 minutes long; NBA games are played in four quarters of 12 minutes each; and WNBA and NCAA women's games are played in 10-minute quarters. The NCAA shot clock gives teams of both sexes 30 seconds to shoot, while the shot clock used in both the NBA and WNBA gives teams 24 seconds. Also, NCAA teams are allowed 10 seconds to move the ball past the halfcourt line (with this rule only having been added to the women's college game in the 2013–14 season), while NBA and WNBA rules allow only 8 seconds. However, like the NBA and WNBA (and high school basketball), during the last minute of each period, the game clock keeps time remaining in the period measured in tenths of a second, rather than full seconds.

Prior to the 2015–16 season, NCAA men's basketball used a 35-second shot clock, while NCAA women's basketball was played with the same 20-minute halves as the men's game.

Though the height of the basket, the foul line's distance from the backboard, and the court dimensions are the same, the distance between the three-point line and the backboard is different. The NBA three-point line measures 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) at the top of the circle, or 22 feet (6.7 m) in the corners or baseline.^[19] On the NCAA court, the three-point line had been a constant 19 feet 9 inches (6.02 m), but the NCAA Rules Committee voted in May 2007 to extend it a foot more to 20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m), which became effective beginning the 2008–09 season for men^[20] and the 2011–12 season for women. The WNBA's three-point line was 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in), which FIBA used before it extended its three-point arc to 6.75 m (22 ft 1 ¹⁄₂ in) at the top of the circle and 6.6 m (21 ft 8 in) at the corners and baseline. The NCAA lane measures 12 feet (3.7 m) in width, while the NBA and WNBA lane is 16 feet (4.9 m); the FIBA lane is marginally wider than the NBA/WNBA lane at exactly 4.9 m (16 ft 1 in).

NCAA players are allowed five personal fouls before fouling out, as opposed to their NBA counterparts, who are allowed six. This maintains the same ratio of minutes of play per foul allowed, eight. However, the WNBA allows players six personal fouls despite playing the same number of minutes as the NCAA. The number of team fouls allotted is also different. In all three competitions, team fouls can be categorized as shooting or non-shooting. A shooting foul occurs when a player gets fouled in the act of shooting (while airborne), giving him the chance to shoot free throws. A common foul (non-shooting foul) consists of all other fouls, including making contact with the opposing player while "reaching in" to steal the ball.

A team may make a certain number of non-shooting fouls per period before the opposing team is awarded free throws. In the NBA, WNBA, and (since 2015–16) NCAA women's basketball, the fifth team foul in a quarter places the team in penalty. For every foul starting with the fifth, whether it's shooting or non-shooting, the opposing team receives two free throws. In addition, if an NBA team has not entered the penalty in the last two minutes of a period, its team foul count is reset; the second team foul in the last two minutes triggers the penalty. The WNBA has the same rule, except that the "reset" does not occur until the final minute of a period. In the NCAA men's game, the penalty begins with the seventh team foul in a half. However, the fouled player must make the first free throw in order to get the second. This is called a "one-and-one" or "one and the bonus" situation. On the tenth team foul, the "double bonus" situation comes into play, meaning that every subsequent team foul results in two free throws for the opposing team. No free throws are shot at either level for a player control foul, which is an offensive foul (usually a charge). Unlike NBA/WNBA rules, the team foul count does not reset in the last one or two minutes of a half (men's) or quarter (women's). Overtime periods are considered an extension of the second half under NCAA men's rules and the fourth quarter under NCAA women's rules, but not under NBA/WNBA rules; in those leagues, the fourth team foul in any overtime period, or the second in the last one (WNBA) or two minutes (NBA), triggers the penalty.

When a dispute over ball possession arises, the jump ball is used in the NBA and WNBA. In the NCAA, once the first possession has been established from the opening tip, no further jump balls occur except to begin an overtime period. Since 1981, a possession arrow on the scorer's table has dictated which team should possess the ball, with the arrow switching directions after each use.

NCAA teams can call a timeout after they made a basket (Indiana scores a 3-point field goal and calls a timeout); in the NBA and WNBA, only the opposing team can call a timeout after a basket is made. Since the 2015–16 season, NCAA men's coaches have been banned from calling timeouts from the bench while the ball is live, although players remain free to do so.

In addition, the NBA limits what types of defense a team can play, primarily in an effort to prevent coaches from slowing down the pace of the game by using zone defenses. Zone defense is permitted in the NBA and WNBA; however, players cannot stand in the lane for more than three seconds if they are not guarding anyone. In NCAA basketball, no such restriction exists, and coaches are free to design a variety of defensive techniques.

In college basketball, it is required by rule that the home team wears their white or light-colored jerseys while the visiting team wears their darker jersey color. The NBA, like most other professional sports leagues, lets the home team decide which uniform to wear, but with a few exceptions the home team has continued the tradition of the college game and wears white (or in the case of the Los Angeles Lakers for non-Sunday home games, gold) at home. This is for regular season play only; home teams always wear white during the playoffs. The WNBA, however, follows the college rule for all games.

The NBA introduced a new dress code rule in 2005. Now players are required to wear business casual attire whenever they are engaged in team or league business. This includes a long or short-sleeved dress shirt (collared or turtleneck), and/or a sweater; dress slacks, khaki pants, or dress jeans, and appropriate shoes and socks, including dress shoes, dress boots, or other presentable shoes, but not including sneakers, sandals, flip-flops, or work boots. The WNBA has a similar dress code, adjusted for standard women's attire. NCAA rules have no set dress code rule, leaving it up to individual teams or conferences.

The organizations also have different rules for jersey numbers. While the NBA and WNBA allow players to wear any number from 0 to 99, including 00, so long as it is available, the NCAA disallows any jersey number with a 6, 7, 8, or 9 in it. This is done to allow the referee to report fouls using hand signals with one hand, as each hand has only five fingers. High school basketball, whose rules are set by the National Federation of State High School Associations, also follows the NCAA's convention on jersey numbering.

Other divisions[edit]

While less commercialized than Division I, Division II and Division III are both highly successful college basketball organizations. Women's Division I is often televised, but to smaller audiences than Men's Division I. Generally, small colleges join Division II, while colleges of all sizes that choose not to offer athletic scholarships join Division III. Games other than NCAA D-I are rarely televised by national media, although CBS televises the Championship Final of NCAA Division II, while CBS College Sports Network televises the semifinals as well as the Division III Final.

A map of all NAIA Division I basketball teams.

The NAIA also sponsors men and women's college-level basketball. The NAIA Men's Basketball National Championship has been held annually since 1937 (with the exception of 1944), when it was established by James Naismith to crown a national champion for smaller colleges and universities. Unlike the NCAA Tournament, the NAIA Tournament features only 32 teams, and the entire tournament is contested in one week instead of three weekends. Since 2002 the NAIA National Tournament has been played in Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. (in 1994–2001 it was held in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and 1937–1999 it was held at Municipal then Kemper Arena in Kansas City). Media coverage has sporadically been provided by CBS, the Victory Sports Network, and various lesser-known media.

Map of NAIA Division II basketball teams.

Since 1992, the NAIA has sponsored a Division II championship, similar to the NCAA Division I and II. There is also an NAIA Women's Basketball Championship.

The only school to have won national titles in both the NAIA and NCAA Division I is Louisville; the Cardinals have also won the NIT title. Southern Illinois has won NAIA and NIT titles. Central Missouri and Fort Hays State have won NAIA and NCAA Division II national titles.

National Invitation Tournament (NIT)[edit]

Awards[edit]

Men's college basketball awards

Women's college basketball awards

National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame

Sporting News College Basketball Athlete of the Decade (2000–09)

Records and lists[edit]

Men's[edit]

List of teams with the most victories in NCAA Division I men's college basketball

List of college men's basketball coaches with 600 wins

NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by school

List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach

NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by school

NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament all-time team records

NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament bids by school

NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament bids by school and conference

NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament records

NAIA Men's Basketball Championships

NIT all-time team records

NIT bids by school and conference

NIT championships and semifinal appearances

NCAA Division I Men's basketball statistical leaders

List of current NCAA Division I men's basketball coaches

Women's[edit]

NCAA Division I Women's Tournament bids by school

NAIA Women's Basketball Championships

AIAW Women's Basketball Champions

List of NCAA Division I women's basketball career scoring leaders

References[edit]

^ ^a^b McCuaig, Donald. "Basketball: A YMCA Invention". YMCA. Retrieved June 9, 2014..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

^ ^a^b "James Naismith". Naismith Museusm. Archived from the original on September 14, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2014.

^ Griffiths, Sian (September 20, 2010), The Canadian who invented basketball, BBC, retrieved June 9, 2014

^ ^a^b^c^d^e Traughber, Bill (March 12, 2008). "VU first college to play basketball". vucommodores.com. Retrieved June 6, 2014.

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia. ESPN. 2009. pp. 528–529. ISBN 978-0-345-51392-2.

^ ^a^b Pruter, Robert. "Basketball". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved June 6, 2014.

^ ^a^b "1904 Olympic Gold Medal". Retrieved 2013-03-14.

^ Spalding's Official Basket Ball Guide 1908-9. September 1908. pp. 27, 45. Retrieved 2010-04-12.

^ "Athletics". The Chicago Alumni Magazine. 2. April 1908. pp. 45, 89, 94–95. Retrieved 2010-04-12.

^ "Tourney for Colleges". New York Times. January 24, 1922. p. 12. Retrieved 2010-04-12.

^ McPhee, John (1999). A Sense of Where You Are: Bill Bradley at Princeton. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0374526893.

^ Fraley, Oscar (March 5, 1951). "Scandal Brings More Prestige to NCAA". The Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. Retrieved March 21, 2013.

^ December 7, 2012, http://www.livestrong.com/article/378124-the-history-of-college-basketball/

^ "No Longer Available". WTAE.

^ "NCAA Men's Basketball Record Book" (PDF). Retrieved February 2, 2018.

^ "NCAA Women's Basketball Record Book" (PDF). Retrieved February 2, 2018.

^ "The one-and-done conundrum". ESPN.com. June 16, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2017.

^ Zegers, Charlie. "NBA vs. NCAA". About.com. Retrieved March 29, 2008.

^ "Wildcats off the mark from behind the arc". Archived from the original on 2016-05-16.

^ "2008 NCAA MEN'S AND WOMEN'S BASKETBALL RULES AND INTERPRETATIONS" (PDF) (Press release). NCAA. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 8, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2008.

[Football-17] ⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x^y^z^aa Conference sponsors football.

[18] The Commonwealth Coast Conference does not directly sponsor football, but operates Commonwealth Coast Football, a football-only league that remains a separate legal entity from the all-sports CCC.

[MAC-19] This is one of the three leagues operated by the Middle Atlantic Conferences (MAC). It does not sponsor football, but several of its members play football in the MAC's Middle Atlantic Conference.

[:0-1] McCuaig, Donald. "Basketball: A YMCA Invention". YMCA. Retrieved June 9, 2014..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

[:1-2] "James Naismith". Naismith Museusm. Archived from the original on September 14, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2014.

[3] Griffiths, Sian (September 20, 2010), The Canadian who invented basketball, BBC, retrieved June 9, 2014

[VU-4] Traughber, Bill (March 12, 2008). "VU first college to play basketball". vucommodores.com. Retrieved June 6, 2014.

[Encyclopedia-5] ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia. ESPN. 2009. pp. 528–529. ISBN 978-0-345-51392-2.

[Chicago-6] Pruter, Robert. "Basketball". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved June 6, 2014.

[Olympics-7] "1904 Olympic Gold Medal". Retrieved 2013-03-14.

[8] Spalding's Official Basket Ball Guide 1908-9. September 1908. pp. 27, 45. Retrieved 2010-04-12.

[9] "Athletics". The Chicago Alumni Magazine. 2. April 1908. pp. 45, 89, 94–95. Retrieved 2010-04-12.

[10] "Tourney for Colleges". New York Times. January 24, 1922. p. 12. Retrieved 2010-04-12.

[11] McPhee, John (1999). A Sense of Where You Are: Bill Bradley at Princeton. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0374526893.

[12] Fraley, Oscar (March 5, 1951). "Scandal Brings More Prestige to NCAA". The Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. Retrieved March 21, 2013.

[13] December 7, 2012, http://www.livestrong.com/article/378124-the-history-of-college-basketball/

[14] "No Longer Available". WTAE.

[15] "NCAA Men's Basketball Record Book" (PDF). Retrieved February 2, 2018.

[16] "NCAA Women's Basketball Record Book" (PDF). Retrieved February 2, 2018.

[20] "The one-and-done conundrum". ESPN.com. June 16, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2017.

[21] Zegers, Charlie. "NBA vs. NCAA". About.com. Retrieved March 29, 2008.

[22] "Wildcats off the mark from behind the arc". Archived from the original on 2016-05-16.

[23] "2008 NCAA MEN'S AND WOMEN'S BASKETBALL RULES AND INTERPRETATIONS" (PDF) (Press release). NCAA. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 8, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2008.

v t e National Collegiate Athletic Association
NCAA	Awards Hall of Champions Conferences
Division I	Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men's indoor and outdoor Women's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship
Division II	Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship/WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men's indoor and outdoor Women's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship
Division III	Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship/WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men's indoor and outdoor Women's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship
Single-division sports and championships	Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women
Events listed in italics have been discontinued.