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Annals of Human Genetics


Volume 73, Issue 3
Annals of Human Genetics banner



Free Access




Refined Geographic Distribution of the Oriental ALDH2*504Lys (nee 487Lys) Variant




Hui Li

Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven 06520‐8005 USA


MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433 China


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Svetlana Borinskaya

Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991 Russia


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Kimio Yoshimura

Corresponding Author


Genetics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104–0045 Japan




Current address: Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160–8582 Japan



Current address: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 700–712 Republic of Korea



*Corresponding author: Kenneth K. Kidd, Department of Genetics, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520‐8005. Tel: 203‐785 2654; Fax: 203‐785 6568; E‐mail: Kenneth.Kidd@Yale.edu



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Nina Kal’ina

Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991 Russia


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Andrey Marusin

Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk 634050 Russia


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Vadim A. Stepanov

Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk 634050 Russia


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Zhendong Qin

MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433 China


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Shagufta Khaliq

Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi 74200 Pakistan


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Mi‐Young Lee

Corresponding Author


Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven 06520‐8005 USA




Current address: Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160–8582 Japan



Current address: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 700–712 Republic of Korea



*Corresponding author: Kenneth K. Kidd, Department of Genetics, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520‐8005. Tel: 203‐785 2654; Fax: 203‐785 6568; E‐mail: Kenneth.Kidd@Yale.edu



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Yajun Yang

MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433 China


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Aisha Mohyuddin

Biomedical and Genetic Engineering Laboratories; Shifa College of Medicine, Section of Biochemistry H‐8/4, Islamabad 44000 Pakistan


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David Gurwitz

National Laboratory for the Genetics of Israeli Populations, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978 Israel


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Syed Qasim Mehdi

Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi 74200 Pakistan


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Evgeny Rogaev

Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991 Russia


Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604 USA


Research Center of Mental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 113152 Russia


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Li Jin

MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433 China


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Nikolay K. Yankovsky

Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991 Russia


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Judith R. Kidd

Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven 06520‐8005 USA


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Kenneth K. Kidd

Corresponding Author


Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven 06520‐8005 USA




Current address: Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160–8582 Japan



Current address: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 700–712 Republic of Korea



*Corresponding author: Kenneth K. Kidd, Department of Genetics, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520‐8005. Tel: 203‐785 2654; Fax: 203‐785 6568; E‐mail: Kenneth.Kidd@Yale.edu



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First published: 28 April 2009

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00517.x

Cited by: 81






Summary





Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) is one of the most important enzymes in human alcohol metabolism. The oriental ALDH2*504Lys variant functions as a dominant negative, greatly reducing activity in heterozygotes and abolishing activity in homozygotes. This allele is associated with serious disorders such as alcohol liver disease, late onset Alzheimer disease, colorectal cancer, and esophageal cancer, and is best known for protection against alcoholism. Many hundreds of papers in various languages have been published on this variant, providing allele frequency data for many different populations. To develop a highly refined global geographic distribution of ALDH2*504Lys, we have collected new data on 4,091 individuals from 86 population samples and assembled published data on a total of 80,691 individuals from 366 population samples. The allele is essentially absent in all parts of the world except East Asia. The ALDH2*504Lys allele has its highest frequency in Southeast China, and occurs in most areas of China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and Indochina with frequencies gradually declining radially from Southeast China. As the indigenous populations in South China have much lower frequencies than the southern Han migrants from Central China, we conclude that ALDH2*504Lys was carried by Han Chinese as they spread throughout East Asia. Esophageal cancer, with its highest incidence in East Asia, may be associated with ALDH2*504Lys because of a toxic effect of increased acetaldehyde in the tissue where ingested ethanol has its highest concentration. While the distributions of esophageal cancer and ALDH2*504Lys do not precisely correlate, that does not disprove the hypothesis. In general the study of fine scale geographic distributions of ALDH2*504Lys and diseases may help in understanding the multiple relationships among genes, diseases, environments, and cultures.







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Supporting Information




Table S1 ALDH2*504Lys frequencies of all the available population samples.



Table S2 Male esophageal cancer incidences in the world populations.



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AHG_517_sm_TableS2.xls82 KB
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